152 | 2. International experience in
multilingual education
ҮШ ТІЛДЕ БІЛІМ БЕРУДІ ҰЙЫМДАСТЫРУ
·
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ОБУЧЕНИЯ НА ТРЕХ ЯЗЫКАХ
·
TEACHING IN THREE LANGUAGES
Academic program starts in Finnish and Frisian in grade 1 (image
14)
Image 14. The multilingual education model in Dutch schools
• English as a subject is taught 20-30 minutes per week in grades 1-3.
During this period, the process is focused on teaching new words and
songs [57]
• “Preparatory English lessons” taught 2-3 hours per week start
from grade 5 (9 years old) (table 6) [57]
Table 6. The distribution of hours
in Dutch schools by language
Lan-
guages
Grades
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Weekly load in hours
Dutch
7
7
7
4
4
2-3
2-3
2-3
Frisian
1
1
1
1-3
1-3
1-3
1-3
1-3
English
0,3-
0,5
0,3-
0,5
0,3-
0,5
1
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
In grades 7-8 “Culture and Society” and Arts are taught in English, and
starting grade 9 Science and Economics are taught through CLIL method
[57]
History, Music and Physical education are taught in Frisian [57]
Teacher training is organized in two directions:
1) 4-year pre-service teacher training in 2 universities (240 credits).
There is no separate major in multilingual school education. During a 6-
50
50
50
50
50
50
40
40
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
40
40
30
30
30
30
20
20
20
20
20
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
time
a
llocat
ed
f
o
r
each
lan
gu
age,
%
Dutch
Frisian
English
2. International experience in multilingual education | 153
ҮШ ТІЛДЕ БІЛІМ БЕРУДІ ҰЙЫМДАСТЫРУ
·
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ОБУЧЕНИЯ НА ТРЕХ ЯЗЫКАХ
·
TEACHING IN THREE LANGUAGES
month teaching practice students can take a course in multilingual edu-
cation (30 credits);
2) in-service teacher training. Teachers working in trilingual schools
get intensive support from the Center of Educational Services.
Two teacher training colleges also involve students in trilingual
schools’ work
Majority of teachers attend
English language courses
There is an online program for different levels of education within
a national project. For instance, www.digischool. Nl /fry is an e-
platform for teachers, www.sichtopfryslan.nl is a bilingual website for
learners, www.edufrysk.nl – course for adult learners [73]
Main conclusions:
The teaching is organized in two languages (L1 and L2) from
grades 1-7, in three languages (+L3) – from grades 7-8, some subjects are
taught in English through CLIL from grade 9
Teaching in English is introduced once competences in L1 and L2
are developed
Upon
school completion, students are proficient in three
languages
Furthermore, expenditure per student is $10,552 or 23% of GDP per
capita, which is 7.7 times more than in the Republic of Kazakhstan
2.2.3. Switzerland
According to Constitution, German, French, Italian and Romansh
are national languages [74]
63.7% of population speak German, 20.4% - French, 6.5% - Italian,
and 0.5% - Romansh [75]
42% of population are proficient in at least two languages [75]
Cantons (territorial units) are independent in determining their of-
ficial languages [74]
Despite the fact that the country is considered multilingual, majori-
ty of the population within cantons is monolingual [74]
Wide usage of English as a language of communication has a nega-
tive effect on relationships between language communities within the
country [74]
In 2016, GDP per capita was $79,578 [61]
154 | 2. International experience in multilingual education
ҮШ ТІЛДЕ БІЛІМ БЕРУДІ ҰЙЫМДАСТЫРУ
·
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ОБУЧЕНИЯ НА ТРЕХ ЯЗЫКАХ
·
TEACHING IN THREE LANGUAGES
The public expenditure on education is 6.4% of GDP [76]
Expenditure per student is $15,891 or 20% of GDP per capita [76]
Bilingual programs have been implemented since 1996 [57]
There are significant differences among cantons in regards to the
learners’ age (starting age for preschool, school and university), pro-
gram duration (separate modules in L2 or subjects during several
years), intensity of L2 usage (10-100%), and linguistic
composition of the
class (learners speaking one language or several) [77]
3 models of trilingual education are implemented (table 7):
Table 7. The multilingual education models in Swiss schools
Strong model
Medium model
Weak model
at the universities within
the following majors:
Economics, Communica-
tion, Architecture
at schools
at schools
3 languages are used as
languages of instruction
and as subjects depending
on cantons
2 languages are used as lan-
guages of instruction and as
subjects, L3 – only as a
subject
only 1 language is
used as a language
of instruction, an-
other 2 languages
are taught only as
subjects
In Grisons: German – in pre-
school
Romansh – in secondary
schools
English – from grade 7
In Ticino, 4 languages are com-
pulsory:
Italian (L1) – from grade 1;
French (L2) – from grade 3;
German (L3) – from grade 6;
English (L4) – from grade 8
90% of school leavers are proficient in 2 foreign languages, 60% - in
3 [78]
