146 | 2. International experience in multilingual education
ҮШ ТІЛДЕ БІЛІМ БЕРУДІ ҰЙЫМДАСТЫРУ
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ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ОБУЧЕНИЯ НА ТРЕХ ЯЗЫКАХ
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TEACHING IN THREE LANGUAGES
(3) Traditional bilingual model is appropriate for countries which are
officially multilingual (Singapore, Luxembourg). Unlike language im-
mersion and two-way immersion applied in countries with one official
language, mainstream bilingual model uses two or more languages offi-
cial in this country. Another distinction is in the program’s scale: lan-
guage immersion and two-way immersion are implemented in certain
schools, while the mainstream bilingual model targets the whole educa-
tional system. These schools are named CLIL-schools in Europe. Tradi-
tional bilingual model is usually implemented in international schools,
where one of instruction languages is international (English).
Table 1 includes comparative information on the models of multilin-
gual education.
Table 1. Multilingual education models worldwide
Models
Languages of in-
struction
Language repertoire
Group
Name
Before the
program
After the
program
Weak
(leading
to mono-
lingual-
ism)
Traditional
(mainstream with
FL teaching)
Only L1
(L2 as subjects)
L1
L1
Transitional
L2+L1 partially
(as supportive)
L1 and
L2
L2
Submersion,
mainly for na-
tional minorities
Only L2
(L1 is used outside
of the school)
L1
L2
Strong
(leading
to multi-
lingual-
ism)
Language immer-
sion
L1 + L2
(different distribu-
tion)
L1
L1 and
L2
Two-way lan-
guage
L1 + L2
(90%/10%
50%/50%)
L1 and
L2
L1 and
L2
Mainstream bi-
lingual
L1 + L2
(two official lan-
guages, parity iden-
tified)
L1 and
L2
L1 and
L2
2. International experience in multilingual education | 147
ҮШ ТІЛДЕ БІЛІМ БЕРУДІ ҰЙЫМДАСТЫРУ
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ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ОБУЧЕНИЯ НА ТРЕХ ЯЗЫКАХ
·
TEACHING IN THREE LANGUAGES
2.2. Cases with best practices in implementing multilingual educa-
tion
Out of 178 multilingual countries, 5 can be pointed out as successful-
ly implementing trilingual education.
PISA-2015 results in these countries are higher or equal to the coun-
tries with only one language of instruction [59] (table 2).
Table 2. PISA-2015: Multilingual countries vs. OECD average
Countries
Reading
Math
Science
Finland
526
511
531
The Netherlands
503
512
509
Switzerland
492
521
506
Spain
(the Basque Country)
491
492
483
Luxembourg
481
486
483
OECD average
493
490
493
Essential details about the status and areas of language use are pro-
vided in Table 3.
Table 3. The language situation in multilingual countries
Finland
The Neth-
erlands
Switzerland
The Basque
Country
Luxembourg
Year of multi-
lingual edu-
cation intro-
duction
1987
1997
1996
1982
1912
EPI ranking
5
1
14
25 (Spain)
7
Status and
area of lan-
guage use
Finnish is an
official lan-
guage of edu-
cation, religion,
TV and mass
Dutch is an
official lan-
guage
German is an
official language
in 17 cantons
(65% of popula-
tion)
Basque is an
official lan-
guage
Official Luxem-
bourgish
In the Parlia-
ment – orally;
70.5% of popu-
148 | 2. International experience in multilingual education
ҮШ ТІЛДЕ БІЛІМ БЕРУДІ ҰЙЫМДАСТЫРУ
·
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ОБУЧЕНИЯ НА ТРЕХ ЯЗЫКАХ
·
TEACHING IN THREE LANGUAGES
media
lation use at
work, school,
home
Swedish is an
official lan-
guage of edu-
cation, religion,
TV and mass
media
English is
the lan-
guage of
education
French is an
official language
in 7 cantons
(18% of popula-
tion)
Spanish is an
official lan-
guage
Official French
In the Parlia-
ment – written
laws; 55.7% of
population use
at work, school,
home
Sami is one of
the mandatory
languages of
instruction in
preschool
Frisian used
in Frisia
province
Italian is an offi-
cial languge in 3
cantons (12% of
population)
English on TV
channels,
newspapers
and mass
media
Official German
In the Parlia-
ment, mass-
media, police;
30.6% of popu-
lation use at
work, school,
home
Language
proficiency
97% - in Finn-
ish, 45% - in
English, 5.4% -
in Swedish,
80% are profi-
cient in 4 lan-
guages by
grade 11
97.5% in
Dutch, 90% -
in English,
74% - in
Frisian, 71%
- in German
and 29% - in
Spanish
63.7% - in Ger-
man, 20.4% - in
French, 6.5% - in
Italian. 42% are
proficient in two
languages
30% of popu-
lation are
bilingual
98% of popula-
tion are fluent in
2 languages,
84% - 3, 61% - 4
Teachers’
annual salary
$29 351
$40 515
$68 820
$32 025
$72 363
Expenditures
per student
(% from GDP
per capita)
22%
23%
20%
30%
15%
2.2.1 Finland
97% of populations speaks Finnish, 45% - English, 34% - Swedish,
13% - German, 3% - French [60]
Finnish language is a member of Uralic family of languages,
whereas others belong to the Indo-European family [60]
In 2016, the GDP per capita was $ 43 492 [61]
State expenditure on education was 6.4% of GDP
Expenditure per student is $ 9579 or 22 % of GDP [62]
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