2. International experience in multilingual education | 155
ҮШ ТІЛДЕ БІЛІМ БЕРУДІ ҰЙЫМДАСТЫРУ
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ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ОБУЧЕНИЯ НА ТРЕХ ЯЗЫКАХ
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TEACHING IN THREE LANGUAGES
Zurich University of Teacher Education (Pädagogische Hochschule
Zürich), trains future teachers in CLIL approach [79]
Main conclusions:
Current language policy (canton’s autonomy) has positive effect on
the development of cantons’ official languages
However, it prevents other languages from developing within can-
tons
As a result, the proficiency in the second and other languages is
lower among adult population in comparison with considered multilin-
gual countries
Due to the implementation of bilingual education programs from
1996, language situation is improving and the majority of school leavers
are proficient in 2 foreign languages, over half of them – in three
Moreover, per student expenditure is $15,891 or 20% of GDP per
capita, which is 11 times higher than in Kazakhstan
2.2.4 Spain (the Basque Country)
Nearly entire population of the country is proficient in Spanish,
30% - in two languages (Spanish and Basque) [80]
17-18% of the population understand Basque, but do not speak it,
as result from the fact that Basque was not present in education during
the 1930-1970s [81]
In contrast with other national languages in Spain, Basque is a lan-
guage isolate, does not belong to any known language family, and is not
typologically similar to Spanish, which is a member of Indo-European
language family [81]
Average GDP per capita is $32,061 [82]
The public expenditure on education – 5.5% of GDP [83]
Expenditure per student is $9,769 or 30% of GDP [84]
In 1982, 3 models of trilingual education (A, B and D) were devel-
oped. All three models are implemented in public and private schools
and can be opted for by parents [84] (table 8)
156 | 2. International experience in multilingual education
ҮШ ТІЛДЕ БІЛІМ БЕРУДІ ҰЙЫМДАСТЫРУ
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ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ОБУЧЕНИЯ НА ТРЕХ ЯЗЫКАХ
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TEACHING IN THREE LANGUAGES
Table 8. The multilingual education models in Basque schools
Model A
Model B
Model D
Description
for Spanish-
speaking learners,
who are taught in
Spanish
for Spanish-
speaking learners
wishing to learn
Spanish and
Basque
Basque-speaking
learners are taught in
order to preserve
their language skills,
and Spanish-speaking
children are im-
mersed in Basque
L1
Spanish
Spanish
Basque
Spanish
Language of in-
struction
Language of in-
struction
Subject (3-5 hours
per week)
Basque
Subject (3-5 hours
per week), addi-
tional classes or
Basque as a lan-
guage of instruc-
tion in one of the
subjects
Models A+
Language of in-
struction
Language of instruc-
tion
English
Foreign language or additional language
of instruction in some subjects
French or
German
Foreign language (learners’ choice)
Basque and Spanish languages are taught in grades 1-10 (3-4 hours
per week), whereas English – 2-3 hours per week (table 9):
Table 9. The distribution of hours in Basque schools by language
Grades
Languages
Weekly load (number of hours) for language subjects
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Basque
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
3
3
Spanish
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
3
3
English
2
2
3
3
2,5
2,5
4
3
3
3
2. International experience in multilingual education | 157
ҮШ ТІЛДЕ БІЛІМ БЕРУДІ ҰЙЫМДАСТЫРУ
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ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ОБУЧЕНИЯ НА ТРЕХ ЯЗЫКАХ
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TEACHING IN THREE LANGUAGES
Teacher training is completed within 4 years (240 credits) [85]
All teachers must have a certificate in Basque language proficiency
in four basic skills Euskararen Gaitasun Agiria – EGA [86]
There are the following teacher training programs [87]:
- IRALE: program for all teachers who want to improve their Basque
language skills. Program duration – 3 years. During the program, teach-
ers’ workload is decreased.
- GARATU: an extensive program in language learning for teachers,
including Basque, English and French
-BERRITZEGUNE: program for teachers of some specific subjects
(Basque/Spanish/English for teachers of Physics/Chemistry, etc.)
Main conclusions:
Secondary school students have a choice between the models of tri-
lingual education in public as well as private schools (A, B and D)
The uniqueness of this trilingual education model and its challenge
is that Basque is not related to other languages of instruction
Expenditure per student is $9,769, which is 7 times more than in
Kazakhstan
2.2.5 Luxembourg
Official languages – Luxembourgish, French and German
Trilingual education was implemented in 1912 (image 15)
98% of learners in Luxembourg are proficient in two languages,
84% - in three, 61% - in four [88]
In 2016, GDP per capita is $105,829 [61], which is 10 times more
than in Kazakhstan - $10,616 [89]
The public expenditure on education is 5.2% of GDP which is high-
er than average EU indicator 4.9% (Kazakhstan – 3.6%) [90; 76]
In 2014, expenditure per student was $16,200 or 15% of GDP per
capita (Kazakhstan $1,362 or 13%) [91]
Preschool education is compulsory for all children aged 4-6
In preschool, children are taught Luxembourgish as L2, because
65% of children do not speak it before they come to kindergarten [92]
As a language of instruction Luxembourgish is used only in grade
1 and in Physical education classes. However, high school students are
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