124
UDC 81’1=111
KEMPERBAYEVA A.K., MATKARIMOVA D.A.
S. Amanzholov East-Kazakhstan State University, Ust-Kamenogorsk
NATIONAL – CULTURAL SPECIFICS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
REPRESENTING THE CONCEPT “WEATHER” (ON THE BASIS OF KAZAKH,
RUSSIAN, ENGLISH AND GERMAN LANGUAGES)
Five main priorities of “Kazakhstan’s third stage of modernisation” were set out by
NursultanNazarbayev, the President of Kazakhstan, in his annual address to the nation. The five
priorities are:acceleration of technological modernisation of the economy, improved business
environment, macroeconomic stability, improved quality of human capital and institutional reforms,
including improved security and more action to tackle corruption[1].
Gradual transition to trilingual education is one of the issues of the fourth priority. Studying a
foreign language a person enters a new national culture. Knowing phraseological units of the target
language is very essential, since they carry its national – cultural peculiarities.
Phraseological unitsarelexically indivisible language unitswitha stable structure, constant
lexical componentswhich represent a single integral meaning. They areintroduced into the speech as
a ready-made unit.
Since the ancient times people have tried to investigate our enigmatic planet and find the
language of Nature. This is obviously reflected on linguistic phenomena that were transmitted
through many generations.Weather is a universal concept which is of great value both for individual
and community. People could decode its signs, forecast and even describe people and objects
through natural phenomena. Thus, in course of time many expressions in various linguistic means,
namely phrases and idioms, proverbs and sayings were coined in the languages. Phraseological
units of the concept “weather” also have become an integral part of the language, and the range of
usage of such idioms is wide.
The Kazakh people had a nomadic way of life for centuries. That is why they were whole
with nature.. Due to this fact great number of phraseological units on topic weather can be found in
the language.
It seems to us, that wind had the greatest influence on the Kazakh people, since the majority
of idioms consist namely of this word. The Kazakh people differentiated different types of wind
using colours: қоңыр (самал) жел (brown wind) - pleasant breeze, қызылжел (red wind) - hot
wind, қаражел (black wind) - cold wind. Wind is characterized by its speed, power and direction.
These qualities were reflected on language, and are used to describe people, animals and things:
жел жетпейтінmeansvery fast, жел аяқ, жел саңлақ andжелқуықжылқыare used to denote
fast horses, желдей зулады means to rush. Wind is treated as inspiration, giving people strength to
do something: көңіліне жел берді, жел бітті mean to be inspired, to gather heart, cheer
up,желкөңіл means high spirits with hope. Wind is also treated as a stimulus and cause of
something. For instance, “Желдауылдың шақырушысы”literally meanswind is a harbinger of the
storm,“Көлді жел қозғайды, ойды сөз қозғайды”- wind sets in motion the lake while the word
sets in motion the thought, “желтұрмаса, шөптіңбасықимылдамайды”means “there is no smoke
without fire”. The lexeme wind can be also used to talk about meaningless talk:жел сөзverbiage,
chatter,and aузы желдей еседіdenotes a chatterbox. The following idioms signify emotional state
of humans: Желдей есті/Көңілі желдей есті – to exult, жел бітті – to get excited. The lexeme
wind is also treated as difficulties, suffering:if people feel the pain, suffer they say жауырынан
жел өтті, if not - “Бетін жел қақпады, маңдайын күн шалмады”.
The second mostly used lexeme is “Күн” (Sun). It can be explained by the fact that the sun
has a special figurative significance in the minds of the Kazakh people. They treat it as “creative
hero” that renews the Earth, reorganizes, adorns the world, and provides heat. The lexeme “күн”
signifies woman’s beauty. It can be seen from the following examples: айдай аузы, күндей
көзі,Ай мен күндей әлемге бірдей, Бірі күн, бірі ай,күн шалмады.Күн тимеген, жел
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тимегенmeans cherished. Since the sun do not shine all the day and it sets, in some idioms it
carries the idea that everything tends to end. For instance, күні батты means to lose interest,
батар күнмен батты - to die. The lexeme “күн” is widely used in describing people, their
lifestyles. We can see it from the following examples: күн жаумай-ақ су болды which literal
meaning is someone became wetwithout rain that describes a man who considers himself unhappy
for no reason;күн жоқта кісімсінер жұлдыз бен айliterally means when there is no sun, the stars
and the moon begin to get big, that is a person who is aclever among fools;lazy person whodoes not
want to do physical work is called күн тимес (untouched by the sun). If someone drags on a
miserable existence, the Kazakh use күн жебелеу. If someone is full of joy then he is described by
the idiom күндейбалқып, судайтасыпотыру melt like the sun, poured out like water.
Russiais known for its severe winters with harsh frosts. Due to this fact the lexeme “мороз”
can be found in a lot of phraseological units. The proverb “Зимабезморозанебывает” clearly
shows the distinctive feature inherent in the climate of Russia. In most of phraseological units this
lexeme is used in its literal meaning. Tрескучий мороз - ringing frost, хоть волков морозь- very
cold,“Такой мороз, что звезды пляшут” literally means it is so cold so that stars are dancing.
Idioms and proverbs with figurative meaning are:морозпокоже - to feel a shiver, a chill from
excitement or fear,cморозитьглупость- to say something ridiculous. The lexeme “лёд” – “ice” can
denote deception, unreliability. It can be seen from the following proverbs: “Вешний лёд
обманчив, а новыйдругненадежен” carries an idea of not judging a person by first impression.
The Russian people associated it with the fact that ice has high transparency and seems strong, but
this ice is not reliable in the spring. A new friend - is not tied to a person by strong chains of debt
and obligations yet, so that person can not really count on him.
The idiom последождичкавчетверг means unknown when or never. In olden times,
Thursday was dedicated to Gromov's day. On this day, the Slavs prayed for rain to their stern god
Perun. But it did not rain. Hence, the idiom acquired its meaning.
Having such unpredictable weather, the English use it in their daily topics quite often. Most of
idioms have negative meaning. It can be seen from the following examples: a fair-weather friend is
said to be someone who remains a friend only when things are going well but abandons others
during times of trouble or difficulty.
The frequency of the 'wind' lexeme in the phraseological fund of the English language can be
explained by the features of life of the English people. It is known that the history of the English
people life is closely connected with the sea.
The change in wind direction affects the weather in the British Isles, making it unpredictable
and changeable. Knowing the direction of the wind is important when seafaring. The direction of
the wind can not be changed, it is not subject to the will of man, and the wind can only be observed
and accounted for in its economic activities. These and other features of the perception of "wind" in
the worldview of the English can be observed in the proverb 'The wind can not be caught in a net'
that emphasizes the quality of the wind, as its changeable and elusive character. The lexeme “wind”
is widely used in describing people and things. A person (not necessarily elderly) who is thought to
speak at too great a length or to say little of value, often with an air of pretentious authority is
considered to be a windbag, because wind is just air, air is nothing. Great Britainis known to have
heavy precipitation throughout the year. This fact has found a reflection in their language. The
lexeme “rain” is in the second place of the usage. There is no doubt that anyone may get sick and
tired of rain, but it can be seen from some proverbs that the Englishmen are quite optimistic people.
For instance, “After rain comes a rainbow” that means after difficulties and problems, good times
are to come, “In every life a little rain must fall”- everyone can experience difficulties in their life,
life cannot be always perfect.
But still, phraseological units with negative meaning of rain prevail in the language.
Something is rained off when it is delayed, postponed, or canceled due to the rain. Hence the
postponed event is called rainout. Rain on someone’s parade means to ruin someone’s planned
event. Rainy day is a time of need, especially when someone really needs money. So there is such
proverb as “Save it for a rainy day”. Even though the Englishmen may experience heavy rainfall,
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