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4. Paul, R. & Elder L. Modified from the book by Paul, R. & Elder, Critical Thinking: Tools
for Taking Charge of Your Learning and Your Life. – L.- 2001.
А.Ye. Darmenova
Astana (Kazakhstan)
SLANG AS THE INTEGRAL PART OF SPEECH AMONG THE YOUTH
The rapid development of human society has a great influence on the most important tool of
communication - language. The modern way of living goes faster and new trends are also reflected in
the development of language in the form of various new words and expressions as well as the
improvement and facilitation of grammar structure. Comparison of those two linguistic areas shows that
vocabulary grows so rapidly that the communicative function of language claims more novel and
concise to keep pace with modern trends in human life.
Slang seems to be one of the most important language formations having a great influence on
the development of language. Slang speech is characterized by various linguistic features reflecting the
users` way of living and using the language with emphasis on belonging to a particular group of
language users. Student slang ranks the unique position among those groups characterised by specific
features distinguished within the student environment. Student speech might be seen as a reaction to
formalism and social conventions of literary language. Therefore, it contains a great number of slang
expressions restricted to concrete time, place or even subject.
In its notion slang is considered to be one of the language varieties of the English language.
Many commentators are of the view that it is a kind of vulgar language, which ought not to be accepted
as a standard language. Nowadays, youth slang is used by people from all aspects of life. Statistics show
that modern slang terms constitute approximately 10 percent of the English vocabulary [1]. As the
globalization and economy develop, there are more and more countries involved in the progress of “the
language of a new generation”. This article intends to discuss slang from different points, such as: the
role of the slang today, its expansion and sociolinguistic aspects.
Of all social groups, the young are the most prone to the use and renovation of slang and
unconventional language. They exhibit great social dynamism and are receptive to changes in fashion:
in clothes, look, style, and also in speech. They have little political power but they may use slang as a
counter-cultural tool, as arms against established authority and conventions. In our modern and
cultivated societies, students constitute one large subgroup within the young which deserves special
study, for many a time they develop a special kind of vocabulary [2].
It is the young who are particularly likely to pick up slang words through songs, films and TV.
There is an opinion that English and culture provide a common channel of communication and point of
reference for people all over the world [3]. An estimated 2 billion people speak some form of English,
and most of those have a new wave as their model.
Apart from this, there appears a simple question: “Why do people use slang?” Because most
people are individuals who desire uniqueness, it stands to reason that slang has been in existence for as
long as language has been in existence. Even so, the question of why slang develops within a language
has been hotly debated. Most people agree that the question is still unanswered, or perhaps, it has many
answers. Regardless, there is no doubt that we can better explain slang`s existence by analyzing how
and why it exists.
Foreign words are a common resource for the development of slang, as are regional variations of
standard words. Moreover, slang may incorporate “elements of the jargons of special-interest groups
(professional, sport, regional, criminal, and drug subcultures)”. The Historical Dictionary of American
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Slang says that “Slang is lexical innovation within a particular cultural context”. Sometimes these
foreign words and regional variations become part of the standard language [4].
The Columbia Encyclopedia notes that slang is often “well developed in the speaking
vocabularies of cultured, sophisticated, linguistically rich languages”. Whereas slang was once
considered as the lowest form of communication, many lingnists now consider slang to be an intelligent
and insightful variation to the blandness of the standard language. Gerald Parshall, in 1994 article for
U.S. News & World Report, describes this as “proletarian poetry”. The Oxford English Dictionary
points out that George Eliot's character in Middlemarch, written in 1871, says that “Correct English is
the slang of prigs who write history and essays”. For some, people it is enough that Shakespeare often
used slang.
Others, however, condemn the use of slang, believing that it undermines the standard language
and reflects poorly upon its users. Parshall notes that Ambrose Bierce, in his dictionary, called slang
“the grunt of the human hog”. Even The Oxford English Dictionary's 1989 edition defines slang as “the
special vocabulary used by any set of persons of a low or disreputable character; language of a low and
vulgar type”. In fact, both Crystal and The Historical Dictionary of American Slang point out that
Samuel Johnson and Jonathan Swift produced the very first dictionaries partly out of great concern for
the corruption of the standard English language.
Whatever the reasons, slang is here to stay, and its longevity demands attention and
explication. Here the most prevalent causes which can explain the colossal spread of slang words
among youth. So today humanity all over the world adds slang words in their speech:
1)
in sheer high spirits, by the young in heart as well as by the young in years; just for
the fun of the thing; in playfulness or waggishness;
2)
as an exercise either in wit and ingenuity or in humour. (The motive behind this is
usually self-display or snobbishness, emulation or responsiveness, delight in virtuosity);
3)
to be “different”, to be novel;
4)
to be picturesque (either positively or - as in the wish to avoid insipidity -
negatively);
5)
to be unmistakably arresting, even startling;
6)
to escape from clichés, or to be brief and concise (Actuated by impatience with
existing terms.);
7)
to enrich the language (This deliberateness is rare among the well-educated,
Cockneys forming the most notable exception; it is literary rather than spontaneous);
8)
to lend an air of solidity, concreteness, to the abstract; of earthiness to the idealistic;
of immediacy and appositeness to the remote. (In the cultured sphere the effort is usually
premeditated, while in the uncultured one it is almost always unconscious when it is not rather
subconscious.)
9)
to lessen the sting of, or on the other hand, to give an additional point to a refusal, a
rejection, a recantation;
10)
to reduce, perhaps also to disperse the solemnity, the pomposity, the excessive
seriousness of a conversation (or of a piece of writing);
11)
to soften the tragedy, to lighten or to “prettify” the inevitability of death or madness,
or to mask the ugliness or the pity of profound turpitude (e.g. treachery, ingratitude); and/or thus to
enable the speaker or his auditor or both to endure, to “carry on”;
12)
to speak or write down to an inferior, or to amuse a superior public; or merely to be on a
colloquial level with either one's audience or one`s subject matter;
13)
for ease of social intercourse (Not to be confused or merged with the preceding.);
14)
to induce either friendliness or intimacy of a deep or a durable kind (Same remark);
15)
to show that one belongs to a certain school, trade or profession, artistic or intellectual
set, or social class; in brief, to be “in the swim” or to establish contact;
16)
hence, to show or prove that someone is not “in the swim”;