51
the foothills precipitation is between 300–400 mm, and on the southern and south-western sides of the moun-
tain ranges between 600–800 mm.
Climate in the region has specific zones of variation accordingly to geographic and geomorphologic
conditions, which define the difference in water demands for irrigation. Big differences in air humidity in
summer time between the old oasis’s and newly irrigated area (50–60 % and 20–30 %) cause significantly
larger water demands in former desert (now under irrigation) in comparison with oasis’s. The second factor
especially affecting agricultural production is the instability of spring weather, which deviates in tempera-
ture, precipitation and even late frosts (sometimes in the beginning of May) and hail (in June, which some-
times destroys emerging cotton plants and vegetables over big areas) [4].
Thus, in Central Asia is becoming a noticeable increase in the duration of heat stress (drought). The ef-
fects of climate change are expressed by increasing the number and power of weather and climate anomalies.
Their number in the past 20 years has increased by 40 %. The ongoing changes in the climate system in the
region and affect the ecosystem, and economic activity, primarily in areas related to the use of water and
land resources.
With climate change raises a number of issues that relate, for example, investment policy in hydro-
power. Reducing the area of glaciers and snow cover in mountain areas over time, lead to shortages of water
in the plain areas, changes in runoff, respectively, putting forward new demands on the regime of hydro-
power potential of transboundary rivers and sustainability of the irrigated areas of neighbouring states. The
high degree of risk of economic losses from the effects of climate change on water resources calls for urgent
coordinated regional and national adaptation of interstate water management, develop on its basis of the in-
tegrated management of transboundary rivers in Central Asia [5].
The climate change is a process characterized by a multitude of risks and, in particular related to the de-
gree, time and nature of these changes affecting the management of water resources in transboundary river
basins and on the stability of interstate water use.
High vulnerability to transboundary river basins exposed to hydropower, irrigation and water supply.
Given that between them there is the competitive nature of water; reducing water content of rivers can lead
to conflict situations. Therefore, the adaptation process of water management at regional or basin level, cli-
mate change implies, above all, the agreed policy of water use and development of hydropower resources.
Many river basins in Central Asia are in a state of water deficit, and assessment of climate vulnerability, for
investment projects is necessary to determine the likely level of risk and measures through which it can be
reduced or eliminated [6]. Identification of objects in the zone of risk, evaluation of sources and causes of
vulnerability are important steps in the pre-training. Unfortunately, there is still no universal methodology
for this assessment in this regard; CSDs should be designed for each specific object of a transboundary river
basin.
Features of the use of water resources of transboundary rivers, caused by the natural geographic and
economic-economic conditions of the river basin, and competing national interests pose specific challenges
to management.
In this regard, adaptation requires an integrated approach, based on the principle of basin water re-
sources of rivers and considering the peculiarities of each country, the nature of economic integration of the
basin. Effective and long-term goals of the majority of adaptation measures in the basins of transboundary
rivers, of course, requires intergovernmental coordination and cooperation.
Political, legislative and institutional structures at national and regional levels should work together to
support adaptation to climate change. This should hold also at the basin level, which will require more effec-
tive international cooperation and appropriate mechanisms for its coordination.
To monitor the water situation, as well as support for simulation of the vulnerability of water resources
due to climate change, on which the development priorities of water policy, strategies and plans for the de-
velopment and operation of water facilities to meet the needs of the parties to the media. Information on wa-
ter resources must support the understanding of the necessity of interaction between the river basin and water
users (agriculture, industry, hydropower, etc.).
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: