48
У К
327(47+57)
S.M.Nurzhanova
E.A.Buketov Karaganda State University
THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURSES IN CENTRAL ASIA
Мақалада
Орталық
А ия
айма ының
су
қорларына
ауа
райының
гло альд
i
гер
i
с
i
н
i
ң
ық алы
қарастырылды
.
а рг
ке еңде
халықаралық
ж не
ұлттық
деңгейде
ауа
райының
геру не
ей мделу
ж не
оның
арда тарын
жұмсартуына
к
на ар
аударылуы
ерттеуд ң
м селес
олы
та ылады
.
Орталық
А ия
айма ы
су а
айланысты
тұрақтылықты
маңы ды
гер стерд ң
ұл а ымен
си атталады
.
статье
рассматривается
ро лема
влияния
гло ального
и менения
климата
на
водные
ресурсы
региона
ентральной
А ии
.
Исследованиям
во роса
ада тации
к
и
-
менениям
климата
и
смяг ени
их
оследствий
в
настоя ее
время
уделяется
все
оль е
внимания
как
на
национальном
,
так
и
на
международном
уровнях
.
ен
-
трально
-
А иатский
регион
характери уется
от етливой
тенденцией
к
увели ени
серье ных
и менений
в
ста ильности
,
свя анных
с
водой
.
Central Asia: background information
Central Asia covers territory of five countries: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan
and Uzbekistan. It is situated in the heart of the Eurasian continent with the total area of 3,882,000 square
kilometres and the population over 53 million (2004) of which more than 82 % is living in the Aral Sea ba-
sin. It borders with Afghanistan and Iran in the south, with China in the east and with Russia in the west and
in the north.
The climate in the region is sharply continental, mostly arid and semi-arid. Average precipitation (con-
centrated in the spring and winter) is about 270 mm, varying between 600–800 mm in mountains zones and
80–150 mm in desert regions.
Social-economic development of the region has depended on water and land resources since immemo-
rial time. Irrigated farming and livestock production formed the biggest part of welfare, but in the same time
created vulnerable conditions and water limitations for ecosystems. The region started actively using irriga-
tion in the 6–7th century B.C and still it is one of the biggest irrigation region in the world (with about 9.1
million hectares of irrigated crops). Population growth and irrigation development have significantly in-
creased the demand for water in the region especially during the past 40 years. Actual consumptive water
withdrawal in Central Asian countries varies from 20 % of available water resources (Kazakhstan, Kyr-
gyzstan and Tajikistan) to 80–90 % (Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan).
49
A specific feature of the region from a hydrological point of view is the division of its territory into
three main zones:
the zone of surface flow formation (upper watersheds in the mountain areas to the south-east);
the zone of flow transit and its dissipation (central part);
the delta zones (to the north-west).
Available water resources (surface and underground) have always principal impact to the economic ac-
tivities in Central Asia as limiting factor for development which is competing with ecological requirements.
The largest rivers over the region are mostly transboundary and they are the following: the Syrdarya and
Amudarya (Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), Chu and Talas
(Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan), Tarim (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and China), Ili (China, Kazakhstan), Irtysh
(China, Kazakhstan, Russia), Ural, Ishim, Tobol (Kazakhstan, Russia).
During the last three decades of the Soviet era (1960–90), irrigated agriculture and the sectors of econ-
omy related to water management (processing of agricultural products, hydropower, construction and some
others), contributed more than 50 percent to the GNP. Obtaining of independence by Central Asian countries
and respective loosening of economic ties were accompanied by economic decline. This became the main
cause of decline
in gross national product and, particularly, agricultural production that represented large
share of about 30 % in GNP [1].
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: