Анықтама: G1, G2 графтарының бірігуі деп G1UG2=1UM2,R1UR2> графын айтады.
Анықтама:ЕгерМ2∩М2= онда G1,G2 графының қиылысуы деп, G1∩G2=1∩M2,R1∩R2> графын айтады.
Анықтама: G1, G2 графтарының сақиналы қосындысы деп G1G2=1UM2,R1R2>, мұндағы R1R2=( R1\R2)U(R2 \R1).
Мысалы G1 және G2 графтары берілсін.
G1= < {a1, a2, a3}, {[a1, a2], (a2, a3)} >;
G2= < {a1, a2, a4}, {(a1, a2, ), (a4, a1)}>;
Табу керек: G1U G2, G1∩G2, G1 G2?
Шешуі: Анықтама бойынша:
G1UG2=<{a1, a2, a3, a4},{[a1, a2], (a2, a3), (a4, a1)}>;
G1∩G2 = < {a1, a2}, {(a1, a2)} >.
G1 G2=<{ a1, a2, a3, a4}, {( a2, a1), (a2, a3), (a4, a1)} >;
G1, G2 графтарының қосылуы деп
G1+ G2 =
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUgAAACzCAIAAABkVBIKAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAYw0lEQVR4nO2dfUwU197Hp8lFqC9UsESlYK9Y1FKNqWiCJre0vVgjlV61LW18iYYgxKrEe2lVjAVFI3rjW9oqARGxVtOaqK14Naloszb1sVViDdZqFTRKqJTiCygVTdPne/eXZ57p7Cvs7sycM7/PH5vZ2dnZM+f8PudtZmf+8scffygMw8jFX8xOAMMwwYfFZhgJYbEZRkJYbEZaGhoahg0bNmjQoIcPH/bo0aO+vt7sFBkHi81IC1kNn8nw+Pj4GzdumJ0og2CxGUZCWGxGWk6dOpWYmFhSUlJYWGh2WoyGxWakJSoq6qmnnlq2bNmlS5fQFXfdoLGx8dgxx1//Gpeammp88kIKi81IC42xCwoKMMZ2/RRWJycnr1q1avLkydOnTy8rKzM+haGDxWYkp6WlZdGiRbQMw4uLi6uqqmD1uHHjmpubsTI9PR3LZiYxBLDYjLRQD3z06NFHjx6NiIiora1dunTp3r178VFcXJzcM+QsNiMtCQkJjx49omXy2RW055mZmWi0DUyXEbDYjK3p7OxE033y5EmzExJkWGzGvmDIjdG1w+EwOyHBh8VmbEpjY2NqairNn9FcmkyjbhabsSMwefDgwQMGDIiPj6cryWWyWmGxGXsSFxenzqtJiWxiDxkyRF221b95GJXHHntMXbbtDYKkEjssLAydK+pTwXC8lbtW9klubu7hw4fRz8Ty0aNHExISzE5RyNFaTW/t6bZUYgOMl2ghPDzc3JSYTmZm5oEDB6hqW7ly5bBhw5qammJiYsxOl9HY022pxK6rq+vXr19paemKFStu3bpldnJM5sGDB+oyNdrSV3a65trOSCU2iI2Nzc/Pb25uTkpKunz5su7TxsbGs2fPRkZGyvdvHle2bt2qOE/Vjho1yuy0GARaZnabkErskSNHJiYmrl271u2nsBq904kTJ65evTorK0uyf/O4gvoL/RdkSHt7uz3/k0zYsB+uSCY2QBArzkkjaq6rq6u/+eYbUv3ZZ589d+5cQkJCUVFRWFiY9GLPnDkTrxcuXDA7IcbhtrnmMbbwPHr0CD3wIUOGbN68WXEOufft21dVVUWfkvP2ITo6mhbKy8upuW5qakpJSSHVW1paRowY0dHRsWzZsoKCAjMTGiRUq9UOubpgQ7elElvRNFAZGRmetkF7jnG4USkyDdRo4eHhqObS0tIqKqo+/rhy2rRplD8OhwODkebmZugdGxuLHntOTo7Z6Q0IrdWKpvttW7dlE9snbW1te/bssUnrrR1uzJ49Q11GvVZZWYmFmJiY4uJiE1IWVHRW67Cn2/YS++LFi2ipDh06ZHZCTOb48eORkZG0fPbs2Vdf/Ye56QkE71arH9nNbQnFVsdXuvVoq+fPn//FF1+gmcJydna2pz/fS49qdXV1dWtrq7YxFwt/rFY3sJXbsomtlrRr+WEkGR0dPXr0aLo6rba21oT0mYTbaEbttmTJktLSUlOSFDj+W61uZh+3pRLb+1yoba8bd3sSCKOSCRMm0HX1jY2NcXFxhqcrILpqtbqxTdyWR2xtD9w+5ec/2qxwOBxpaWnLly8vKSm5e/duTU3NkSNHBLqMvHtWq1+xQ2xIIrbruNom5ecTt811//796+rq7t+/39TUhLcLFiywidXqF6WPDRnE9jRbZofy6xJqPgwfPpzWJCcnm5qiLhO41erX5Y4N4cX2ZDUhffl5R7J/RATLanUnEseG2GJ7t5qQu/y6iriZEFyr1V3JGhsCi+2P1YTE5ecd9WBFP/BQWK3uUMrYEFVs/60mZC0/OxA6q9XdyhcbQordVasJKctPekJttbpzyWJDPLG7ZzUhX/nJjTFWqz8hU2wIJnYgVhOSlZ/EGGm1+kPSxIZIYgduNSFT+cmK8VarPydHbAgjdrCsJqQpPykxy2r1RyWIDTHEDq7VhBzlJx/mWq3+tOixIYDYobCakKD8JMMKVqsJEDo2rC526KwmRC8/mbCO1YTQsWFpsUNtNSF0+UmD1awmxI0N64ptjNWEuOUnB9a0mhA0NiwqtpFWE4KWnwRY2WpCxNiwotjGW02IWH6iY32rCeFiw3Jim2U1IVz5CY0oVhNixYa1xDbXakKs8hMXsawmBIoNC4ltBasJgcpPUES0mhAlNqwitnWsJkQpPxER12pCiNiwhNiUQVa7QZcQ5SccoltNWD82LCG2YtUMsn75iYUcVhMWjw3zxbZaJ1yHxctPIGSymrBybJgstsWtJqxcfqIgn9WEZWPDTLGFsJqwbPkJgaxWE9aMDdPEFshqwprlZ33ktpqwYGyYI7ZwVhMWLD+LYwerCavFhgliC2o1YbXyszL2sZqwVGwYLbbQVhOWKj//MTi1drOasE5sGCq2BFYT1ik/S6Hmhj2tJtzGhqc4aWlpqaioqKmp6dWrV1JS0ptvvhms558aJ7Y0VhPstlu0lw/aNlt0seHlksqtW7fW1tb++9//TkxMXLNmzbp164qLi9WHHAeCQWJLZjXBbmvRha/NM0QbG7TGNUjQXDc1NUVHR0dFRUVGRj7++OOtra3Nzc3CiC2l1QS77QnOEJ/ExMRMnjwZSn/99f/MnTv3p59+Gjp0aLB2HnKxJbaakN7t6urqlStXXrp0qWfPnlOmTCkrK/Pzi7JmiD/4+Y+m2NhY5C0a7W3btu3atevEiRPBSkBoxZbeakJutxctWpSWlnbmzBmMBhGFubm5/rgtXz50Cd0kolvQFS8vLx84cOD7778fFxen/aikpKSwsBALy5cvLyoq6kYCQii2Tawm5Hab6NWrF9oWtx/xnJlbdHp7iQ3UmKtXr54xY8aFCxcKCgoyMjIePXoEvR8+fNi9nw6V2LaympDVbYfDgXFgaWlpXl5eRETE9OnTPW0p01EHEU+tN8bYOTk5UHrw4MHFxcVonOF2R0dHZWVl4PNnIRHbhlYTXTqHKQoYY0Pp/Pz8urq6tWvXetmS220vuM2Q5OTkgwcPqm+1vW7qjcP27v1c8MW2rdWE/+cwRWH9+vVZWVlQ+uLFi562cT1Sm4dB4KBDjlcaaXdjmO1R7Nzc3M8//7xHjx6KszOWkJDgz+64OBX/zmHW1tauW7eOll999R+zZ88wOJH+ExUVhdeGhga4vXv3bkiObvn333/vcwrN5mEQOOR294bZ7sXOzMw8cOAAhu+Ks0swbNiwq1ev6ibuXGGrVby31Wj6UlJSMKyaNWtWfX19WlpaR0fbvHnzjEyh/2zYsAERhpBYuPCf48ePp/pItRrH0tzcnJqaqvsWh4G5+O6K9+3bF6/h4eHeN2OrtXjvgcME5b/nMAfFOcHynTt3jElYN4C0J0+eVN/m5OTQAjodH3744bFjx9LT013FFn1mwURohpyWg3y6a8uWLRs3bkRlPHbsWH/2wlZr8TmuTkpKQg6np7+C8U5dXZ0xqQo6iYmJH3zwwaeffgrDFU0nRdazA4ZR5CTAnXhssQcPHjxq1Kj29nY6z+FlF2y1DrenN7RRHhMT8/vvv8fGxlZUVC1ZsgQjHRNSGTCRkZGuK+kY2W3TcS/2/Pnz8XrmzBl1jaeuuASzviFCG9C6XHI4HKgr9+/fn5GRofuW0H941KaZ3TYX92LTRCgoLy+n5vry5cuZmZn19fXazbRndLjd9oKXbBkyZAgtoFuO3PbnUkRRYLdNxL3YZWVlcBtDwddeew0Ny7Zt22j+Vt2guroarY2u36Ww3v6RmpqKMfb06dMfPHhw6tSpF198cc2aNRs2bJAv39hts/A4xl7rhJa1PcaSkhJYffr0aToZ5hbW2yc5Tmi5vb1d+5EczbUKu20KXb7yDMPvgoKCsLAw75txEXYbMsH6GtCfvb799tvevXuPGTOmqKjIdcqAYLeNp8tiu50L1cGFFyBCXIuqu87ZO+y2wQTnWnFdIHLhMa6w20YSzD+BaGd0ufC6gfT/jmK3DSNoYqvlxIXXbeyQXRwexhCS/2Nz4TFe4PAwgC6LvXLlyvXr1ycmJvbp0+fdd9/1dFErFx7jBQ6PUNNlsf2/Qp0Lj/ECh0dICe1dSrnwGC9weISOkN9XnAuP8QKHR4gw4kkgXHiMFzg8QoFBz+7iwmO8wOERdIx72iYXHuMFDo/gYujzsbnwGC9weAQRQ8VWuPAYr3B4BAujxVa48BivqP844PAIBBPEVthtxhei/CndspgjtsJuM75gtwPBNLEVdpvxBbvdbcwUW2G3GV+w293DZLEVdpvxBbvdDcwXW2G3GV+w213FEmIr7DbjC3a7S1hFbEWQW3MyJsJu+4+FxFa45BhfcIT4ibXEVrjkGF9whPiD5cRWuOQYX3CE+MSKYitccowvOEK8Y1GxFS45xhccIV6wrtgKlxzjC44QT1habIVLjvEFR4hbrC62wiXH+IIjxBUBxFa45BhfcIToEENshUuO8QVHiBZhxFa45BhfqBGiW2lWekxEJLEVdpvpOvaMFsHEVthtJgDCwsIGDRp0/fr1SZMmHTx40OzkhBDxxFbYbaa7PHr0CK8NDQ3jxo2rra1NTk42O0WhQkixFXabCYDbt2+bnYSQI6rYCrvNdJ3S0tK8vDz0xs1OSMgRWGyF3WZccL1dhzY2vvrqK/TGGxsbJe6EE2KLrbDbjAteImHv3r14PXv2LF779+9vXJoMR3ixFXab8Zvy8vLW1tbCwsKIiIjt27dXVFTcuHHDdbPq6uqMjAzjkxdEZBBbYbc9o+2Xcv40NDQ8/fTTcHvLli137951a/XOnbsXL/5Xc3Oz8ckLIpKIrbDb/mHz/Fm7di0tFBQUuN0AbfXHH1camKJQIY/YCrvNBEZLS0t2dvb58+dHjBjR1tYWGRlpdoq6j1RiK+z2n3mMb+fsN7A6ISHh0KFD9FZoqxX5xFb4/uQaOCv8BFbHxsZGR0enpqZiuaOjw+FwYNnsdHUfCcVW7PqHHn/gnHFLeHh4VlZWZ2fnnDlzBgwY8ODBA7ytr683O13dRySxx48ff/r0aeT7zZs3pb+IP1hoG2222hPoeJeVldEyWuwdO3YIbbUikNilpaWw+urVq3FxcbW1tSkpKRKcbDQG9rmrxMfH8+SZoTx8+BCv9+7dMzshjLTExMScOXPG7FQEijBiz3NSXl6en5/ft29fs5PDMJZGGLGp+z116tT29vaLFy+OHDnS7BQJA7JO7eMIPdPL+I8wYn/33Xd43bhxI14vX76siH+m0RjQx5k/fz66OVjesGFDVlaWOkvESIwwYiclJeF1+/btv/3225YtW7C8Y8eOmTNnur3c1+FwPP/882w+IKXpUsoLFy5UVlay2HZAGLHRhzx16tSXX345cODAhoaGAwcOtLa2fvDBB65b7ty5Ozt7zqVLl1hsMGnSpJ49eyrOyu7KlStmJ4cxCGHEBslOaDknJ8ftNtXV1f/5zxejRo0yMF2WZu/evbm5uePHj584cWJ7e7vZyWEMQiSxfdLW1jZt2rSampri4mI6McbQVT10E7/a2tojR46YnSLGCKQS++WXX96/fz867RiH9+jRw+zkWIK6urqIiAjF+VfkH374gVaqF0LzRT6yIo/YQ4YMuX79ekpKSmNjI5prBHFCQoLZiTKfQ4cOpaWlod2Oi4v75ZdfFGcbXlBQUFpaumvXLrUxZyRDHrGzs7OvXbv23nvvhYeH37hxo6SkhNsixTnp2Nra2tnZGRMTozhHK4rzTCEW5s2bFxYWZnYCmZAgj9jae2Kg/0m3rWOUP5/wV5f5lIHcyCO2lpEjR/LkGWNn5BSbr8FgbI6cYjOMzWGxGUZCWGybsnTp0i1btiQmJvbp02fZsmWebsfLCAqLbVPWOjE7FUyoYLEZRkJYbIaREBabYSSExWYYCWGxGUZCWGyGkRAWWxIaGxvj4uLMTgVjFVhsSWCrGS0sNsNICIvNMBLCYjNi0NjYuGvXrr59+965c6egoKC2trapqSm4N8lpa2vbtGnT6tWrFef92MHbb7997NixIP6EYbDYlmbnzt1NTddfeeUV9b7LwaWkpERVJRT7Dxbx8fE3b96cMWOG4nyWNd3Ryc+7tZWXl7e2to4fP977442SkpIuX76clZVFu125cmVsbKy497FmsS2Kw+FIS0vDAkItPT39nXfeqaio2Lp1a7DaqNLS0ry8PNp/Z2cnzIHeFvybV0tLCwRLTEzUPvJlz549Dx488Pldesbb1KlT0bwXFhZizYABA9w+Ooas1tYURUVFaLoXLvxnMA7CBCwqdnV19fnz56kwBg0aVF9f379//7179wbxmXLY4a1bt2h5//792dnZcGn48OHB2n8gLF26dMOGDTU1NXS8ZWVlc+bMQZPl02ocwrx58+jZZkRxcbGrq3Sz8UuXLqk3ckWGT5s2LagHERxgteI8Lu3KH3/80WckoEaA1eRqbm7u7du3ET8wHK29rqnHsSPHXJ8qExERMXv2jCAcgxlYUWwE8e7du9VOERWG4utJkehVom7WmolR2UcffeT650T0slAZax9Ph/2jLreI1XQfZdVqAqojT7x/saGhAY289ovU3Ol6oZmZmbAaA1S6bynx888/K3++IaQVgHKKs2bXJlVxnttDXe/9u8uXL6dnvBHUwmNEM2nSJOSA9l6XVKNNnDhRtwf1wSlIxqFDh1A1zJo1S5Rb31pObDSkHR0dqD7R8tAaGl7S+MoLaN5HjBihlbO5uRntnk5sFBKsxqBLe5tORMD8+fODdgwBgAEhrEbPU1eLwU+k2ft3hw0bpqsO4APyDZmgrqTHnmH/OlVycnLwdfUtagTdBqawa9cuvJ49e5beah+fTBGCw6Fk19XV6erlw4cPV1ZWaovVy72W0TirnRc07/giLaNpQYOB0MICDY5EuQ275cRG9/iFF15QrSYQna+//nrgO0fjj+oZbbXu5rsoMG3tbiKfffYZXtetW0dvEbhz587FABiVXc+ePauqqqgbAlevXr2quygF0Zmfn3/mzBndPu/fv68u9+nTB6+oAdU1qEmxf6wJDw+H/8gi/PpLL720YsWKKVOmmHtbSGpmOzs76S3URc2FwqqoqKJOMmykNa4Pfrlz5466GVxFl+TgwYOKcziNhtfLj+KQr1y5cuLECapJ0Yvp27cvFk6ePBn0Awwd1hKbnpWrPcGALuizz45EQKtr0JigN3X8+HHXO2PfutXmff8pKSl4XbJkCb2lu+dDaZQcVSVoz/ft24cQRxxs377drFZL7e89+eSTb7zxRl5eHkYK9IAeyIwMUZyTw7pvQQPdZA/yCh14VAHqGtQIiiYHFGe/Brajn7l582a8XbhwIXq56Kni8E1/5i6SdOTIkVOnTj333HMPHz7s3bs3PRX473///17Jjh073H53z54906dP/9vfxmkfCIMMwXD6rbfe0m5ZXFyMNrm0tJR646hbYTUyXA0wxAYCY82aNagpgn2IocJCYqMtQqZjnKyugXgoNrThixf/6/z589AMa+gkhM5q5Ht0dLRuqiMqKkr3E2jTEP1qSf/6668oVIQ+RnHU+qE9p5YQ3TYMsYwX+5lnnkFUqc/WwmFCMCxo53L37fvM09c7O+//+e1/2zp0ZdW2fdmyZXAbLRiEoaND1iFPYA7VJmq7dO7cOdPjGCWFri9NWaN8+/XrB/2UPz/tgCo41xYbh4P+DqIFhYvRjfJ/58x0kwuKs02G6oiExYsX4y2qA11/mx7M7NpFsjIWEhu5hrEfRoDqGpQfCgNio1VR14wdOxZ9dd130RRjMxSktnqePHkyet3azbA37YwxNqanT6JNoMJGKCMZFD2mPNYPLSRikU50ISLRTCEZaD20g95x48Z5emjmwIEDtW9xLMgu7XwPMhCRvXXrVhw7+ilDhw5FTGOkQycgCPTG0QnHINYic8IXLlzw8heXr7/+WnGOxtHB1m2DHIOiGJljedOmTTk5OZ4uB0BuVDlx+ymsxuvgwYPRMIjyKGILia04iyc9PR2jvlWrViG4J0yY4LoNYh39Rt1KFCGcRMSjt0ZrUEmjYdf1JBEimZmZ2H9FRQVNUJG9qjMIZbSWqLlNnCMpckIneFATuT5a8Nq1a4qzMtLN0GpPX6l88sknujU4WPUnqF+ge9g4akk0j+gpYAhgkbkiT1ajB4eYQdcMIeE6NiFoUi2QMUVdXR3iCjEp0IMorCU2KlQ0zqhioRZGU+gNIlJ15zChIp3b1AEnMfTC+JDcvnfvntvTY3QyE31RdG5dT1zTzGdNTQ3G9nPmzDHxBJinc3volaCNQp8FAa0T2+3TRb08ctTtT6BnjgrxiSeeuHv3LvKhi6k2GnRAQnRNnpbAqwbjsZbYBPKRJjAJbfxBvNNOMBB1vYg3zonP/SMUXKeOiZkzZ6IlR52CFmDBggXdSn5ogajod4Ru/xlOQrd/xhisKLYXIDnN8XrqdwWI2+sNGUY4BBNbsdMdBdAr5saT6R7iiW0TxowZM2LECBab6R4stkXxNAvAMP7wv2khPtDAAeNqAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
Мына суреттің а пунктіндегі G1, G2 графтарының қосындысы б пунктте көрсетілген.
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAOoAAABhCAIAAABXgaoCAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAbpklEQVR4nO2dfVCVZfrHz0zrCyhmYMIy6TrbmEkwpqEJO5IuWINZgSY5oMgQ6SbioKYoqyjgIlioo5lJ+EJAM9qgKISlmCkTWmSsI5u42sKY67toli+00+zv07nndzp7OJzzPM+5n3MOdr5/MAd4nvvcL9/7ur7X/fq7//73vwYPPOia+J2rM+CBB9rhoa8HXRge+nrQheGhrwddGB76etCF4aGvB10YHvp60IXhoa8HXRge+nrQheGhrwddGB76euBiHD58+JlnntH2roe+umDx4sVDh4bMmJGg9kXaMjk5+dy5czk5OUuWLBF/vHXrVp8+fWTn0S0QFBTk7e3Nh+7du9fX158/f/7HH3/k18cff1zJ6/rS91//+teNGzcGDhz48MMPy0pTNLC/v/8jjzyyceNGkfLVq1clfoWDCA8P79ev34cffjhnzl9++OEHMgz/2tpu2WVzSUn5okXzm5qapk6d+tNPP4k/0hO8vLyWL1+uf8adjaqqqr59+8La7Ozs/v3785e4uLhvv/129eo1rqcvrUgbBAcHV1RUwGPoRUMOHz7cQUMyceLEwsJCGtjPz2/NmjX8pbm5edq0afv27XMHBm/atKmhoeE///nPrFmz6LoGY5O0tbVhTe2+u3nzxqeffppS3DXCYOz/FHbw4MH3JX0nTZqUkPBLl37nnXfQDy+//DImafr06QbFDkcv+h4/fpxWbGlpyc3NHTVqFE3SrVu3kSNHnjx58oMPPnjhhRe0JYtz4eeECROwuxEREY2NjRR4x44dp0+f7tGjh9QSaMTf//53MsYHikkNkGEY6evr+/3339t9l7LwvKi6mzdvTpkyhT5ApZks8X2GY8eOxRmBJdq9ezc9HO4GBgaOHj160KBaJYJYL/qiYNAMtEd7ezsNgN1dv37966+/Tl6rq6s10xeO4m5KS0uLi4sRiKRMathjXM+ZM2eeeuopuaXQgPj4eFHMe/fu4RMqKyvXrVvn4+Pzxz/+8cEHHzTJWavYuXMnbpSq27Vr18WLF3v16kVbnj179vr1626ljmSB9kIqmIr21VdfUXzhZ9DESlLQi758PfIU44GSKy8vT0pKojMVFRUhHmw3oW1QzqNHj2J0KTZWivKLr4DK+/fvdwf6UkzIJ6QbHvDatWvDhg3DEtPrlBTcQiSUlZXl5eUhQmDw/UdfAVO5QkND09Lmvffee0gvhe/qRV/y9PHHH1+4cIGGxCFihuHZ1q1bcRB82Lx5s+aUHzHCYOy7hl/04i9J4V7hh6S8OwpT2NHHCPQrXpJepyEpXs/Pz5eaO7cG0a2q4RodQzfReAYj4fj55JNPoh+uXLmybNky6d/lzpENPVmDWIL03bt3F1X3WwAhLz/RXarect64r9qc2UVzczN6F2ftnmOiKIeFCxeGh0dERj6jloU4KPQGHzIzMx3RWl0FL7744r59+wzGwFeVZ3YGfTEktbW1M2fOlJhmVVXVpEmT+ECAiCbRPG2jH1JSUoimyVtAQMB3332n/EW0Fm+Jz4R9r7zyCmGfPnl0PSgsYYzgLqDgOGflvV13+q5atSorK8tgbAmiK1neMCMjQ3wQE1QHDx6UkqwsEFbCXfH50qVLIspU+C5V5Ovr29bWZjDORfn4+OiVSxfh8OHDn332WUtLCzE3smrHjh2mfyUnJ6tiiO70FdwFOPrS0lJZrhCpFBUVxYeePXump6dLSVMiIOvSpUtXrlzJ59jYWLVDIpcvXw4PDxefAwMDxYBol9bBeOCCgoKzZ88eOXIkIiKCtnvzzTeJCpBJY8aM+eabb0pKynNystTG9LrTd+PGjampqXwYOXKkRBmHWrhw4UJhYeGf/vQnzaPIuoLsma9bUItZs1I/+mhPfn7+kCFDgoOD4+LiYLD0+EFXXL16taZmf339kbq6ur59+9JM8+bN6927N/2QwGDatGm///3v8aJCGgUHK5oltoDu9KWrDRs2rKysbPz48XLH3kmK1l28eDFVQPeVlawUIOlqampUSV4LtLffJhGa9uTJk88//zwCERmGSQ4JCXFk2NE5oFGwsuQ5JibmySeftMgwBcEPY4zN7Y5YqaMWutMXM7lixYrHH398woQJ0dHRX331ldz0ic23bdv26KOPoqjcx72iHMiYlKSouqysnG7dumHOseXZ2dlJSUlIMreK57CmiMOioiLkQWtrK9oAjnaMp5ubm3HC0ODYsWNSxov0pS/lGTBggHB5dMGgoCBHFndaBbWAb6Wvz549e+/evRJT1gwCNULp7du3y0pwxowEfCt8/eGHH5YvX04doiUMxjk5hSuz9AOZQR/yEwtC76I5OmtfWn/UqFENDQ0S86wvfZctW0Z0afp1//79lA2fIvdbEhOT6dMEB3KT1Qw8ZnFxsYOJ/Pzzz+a/Evy98cYboaGhO3fupA5xYnSSSZMmIR9Xr17t/NlyzC2sxQlQ84hycmXjybVr177//vt6jG/qSF/cXHp6urnYxbnjVkzLMmRBTDPStKrGp3QCDqd79+6OR5PPPffcoUOHzP9CpUFWAokTJ05giSkpih8fjSqDFjYIJB1IcGQ97m7Xrl22S4p8DwsLI4fSbZaAXvQlSlu5cmVtba3F35EQyAk95ngLCwsxAy6P4VJTUzuWWgN8fHxQIBbLXmfOnEkojHL49NNPxd+XGAGJ8d2JiYm6Tp5XVVVheu7cuWMRdVkFcmLatGm0tSPxq13oRd/Ro0cTvlh1FpWVlbQNMk7uN/JdY8aMIayRKDrVgjbDmUpxkXgt2r7j3xGOkydP/vOf/2weBMNgug3enFcQxNJ9NC4Fyl65cqW6ulpJ4nQw7K4eObGALvSlFSlqZ5YAr3fv3r1NmzZJH8XEtBOhp6WlaZYQt4wwGBcWaxjjS05Obmxs1PbVHXH9+nWrf4esgYEDKWlLS4tpsAVjLCzx4sWLyca6deukDIeLdYIk+NFHHykJuXi+rq7Othq2it69e8MZsThR+Vu60HfixIlvv/2ujQdoGMxzQkKC9NU2WCBqUNvwHC+ePXsWdf7TTz998skn1KOqNsDkpKSkyCoRJsDPz6+z1JD7c+b8xeosZn5+/pw5c+bPn4+i2LNnj7aB9ubmZuLC9vZ2SmTeSToDfb68vHzLli1CkWv4xh9//LFv375qhz7l05daw7vZXrVJq5BXqCZ9ORXqEMOj4UVUBxbXtHZi3rx5ZE/560SNBqNd1PDVVgEJCNRsPID6wqdbXTwtOh4dYMSIEZGRkWJ6VuH3Qtznn3/+oYcewj0qdP0lJeUFBX8jTHdwUJ+QV+0rkulLK2ZlZSlZLU/90lP1WA1IOOzv73/58mXlr5DtpqYmU+1jS/Ly8oYODVE4SEKcijPpzNdrwwMPPCB2a9oAfRWOhoeHf/zxxx3tNOQjbMKakDclg1YQl7ajHpQLD3x9bm4utSdrGkItZNKXVhebKJU8jIWYPXt2aGio9Hk4JBphOCZB+br9pqZmsStYgJaAGUggsYbaLgibiFOlt5+Xl5fdZyDlhg0bhg8ffuDAAavzcBiI2NhYxGu/fv06m9YRKxC++OKL4uJi5YpZLNKluV04iS2TvteuXUOAK1/Xi2F755136PTSp45o0ZiYGOX0HTMmjLgBQ2XyBj4+Pt7e3hTH7rtVVVW7d+92fJ7CAj169GptbVXypNjwGBQU1Nl4FtVbX18vJsbwS2VlZeZER4HQ/XJycpTPWVJRNByhi8unOWXSNywsrKamRtUrPD9y5Ejpg2i0KJVrTkfbEPOxtO73338/ZcoUg3G92J07d3r16mUwLvYjnMdFIo47xiUVFRXIFemm19e3z7lz55Q/j/vGgpKZzsYNxXwnZCXEDAwMFMyjl77xxhsUVqE4RiZFR0dTvV9//bU7bB2VRl+4EhwcrHbESsyFQg7pGxJJkLZRtVWB1sWUGmnaq739NnG9cAsoyIyMDLJKeGcxsYdJ+/LLL/UYaR48eLCq5+k/MJJIbsCAAf/4xz86604zjeCxbt268Wtx8XaFPkos2K2trVU4guYcyKEvEp7GxgBoeBcJgdnD5kmf762ursbSqNLWVp2vCHooI2GNRSZJX4w5SAcUCQgIUHu6GTIU0Y8UthGr0UXr6uogYmvr+YKCv2Hm7epd+m15eTlcd7e1mnLoO3/+fIS8ZgeKbSM6Vr67XyFoP9imXELYADQixLYYBoYoeFL9VmlqGEgyGIeEY2NfIFyLiIjoOGxCf6MTipMooHdk5DMzZsyYNGkSEZjVoAX3EhUVRWB6/fp10b50V+wCbs0dbLAE+tK0FNKRJSNUnDinTfqUvZiHIzRxRJvSYGPHjo2Pj0c4mp8bOWfOX9xnmZs5KOzBgwdRCKGhoZWVlaKDiaMNU1JSzFuKf/EkihaChoeHY7MR0CdOnFi/fv24cePGjx8/YcIEc7OCzMMML1u2LCQkBEK3t7cTswYGDtRwlmZHaDgLy1H6UnIkr+PLnZCP8OzVV1+VbsywKxZtphYDBw48deqUqFyTko6MjCwsLHSH8KUz0HXpeDExMVgHcdRfZwvEKIV4WHCXv8ydO5dSZ2Zmmk/sI59IBNaeOXPGF83Rpw/Rxdtvv7thw9rW1rMOmh5xLJPatxylL4V5+umnpazMWLBgASJE+sI/Gm/Hjh0IPs1rADpyVExzuNv25o5AO0E4safVrjbjYZ4U9DX8soo60WJRiujAWFy80J07d+jAYsgIAY13cjCr33zzDV+tdsmro/TFiaDoHUxEID8/H/+FnZC+DQYDTD4lamt0jjPX12qGGNNtaWnZsmULzo1wzYahIUhoaGhAze/bt4+fdPj+/fubM5h2SUhIeOmll/r16zdq1CgxP4VEmT59uuP2ixSw6Gp3vDlEX/oK8YEU3SOwYcMG9Jb0pc0EGbSHrOE52rWxsdEND0YxB1YgPT09LCxMdFo8++zZswMDA9G48+bNs4gEKBEPjxkzxsKfUGOQXhwNKv5iMURIICiOs2htbXV8UMKpax7ERL/c4QIcxxNPPIHNkHskD9i7dy/OToppJ4YTJzi5LcRwgYWtRQKh9DCZfn5+6DTRk8V0cc+ePa3OOfPMlClTPvzwQ7wilqWjW1+zZk1GRkavXr2kjEI4NXSjH4ujsW0AupiG0G2YK7HEVjwmDtqeOnWq9Hmsl19+GXPioNPftGkT9HXCyRLNzc14Ug2VkJSU9M9//tPqKkexJvjZZ58tKCgQK8q9vLyoFhsLr58yAjeLQkAwWFhf02mfjoPMDBgwQK1P00jfkpLyuro62ys7sQH0ctwW7Pz888/p951Rx7yRqA4iUD28M420aNEiR1KgIG+99ZbEBek2cOjQoUcffVTtWz4+PqtXr7Y9Cwgdhw8fnpWVhdaMiYlRsmnAtK8uKCgIjaHH5AWKUdUiQQEt9KUVxaUjth+jXkzr6DBXSAKF6e/Zs2fEiBGwX3oMV11dTd9oamrSNuCFWFq3bp1zVgaOGzcuLy9P+fNoOYIquxcviKE0dLBQfQReVEhubq4StWbaV2chiGXBSdo3JSUFB2r7GXGokamlqaZBgwYp3CAEt6hfggnpC5qw6OIaBQ3ammbz9vZ22oFUpvPZlfQWRBoS1qo8NQE1snbt2vb2dvO9k5uNwMzjJz/77DMlg1YwGAIgHUNDQwsLC10bwqqmLxUqlifbfgwLRxBm+nXlypWEvbt27RK/InRMh1dbBXVEF3dksLYziDsE1Gpr+IG3RVDKzYwN4KwuXbqkJJPY3bCwsKNHj9pwVhgOyI1BsTp/juOG3OPHj0d74PTsuiYxzcGTpEa85cLTUlTTd+HChXQ+uyXMyPgrAsM0E8PzhLemxigtLTXY21pz8uRJKlQ6fdHWeE9slSrT/tprrxGnOvMQqqioKGrM7mMEISkpSVgTq9wViqKhoQFjaTtQgX9YZQyT2KOhZEcxD9TX19Ox+YCY3rJli4NzkLqPPNBHFZ48N2NGgq9vn8jISIxW7969CaLNV3+Hh4dTctspiGPR9Nj4Lo6rUj48Rws5f45NCEHb4oEi4PRPnz5tlbviJLy0tDSrW4msQoRoOL2cnJyLFy+a7pixAb5abEkiXFm2bJn0EU/bUEFfqlJcRKXweQwn+uGTTz554IEHfv75Z3yNWhcjFtzocRwdpcC0K6zriRMnEtzIzYBdYOnFRZOdAZIVFBRYDaDFNERiYqK2Tb8vGEHfSE5ONhi7gV1LLKK67Oxs2gu3qU1L6Bu67d5dRTisSqpDO6uxmpJNOAK1tbXDhg2Tvh1DHLKkJJTE4fDtTjYqdoGXJ7rFInT814svvnj79m3Hz9sUC9shMVVEDaxcmW93ehWt+MorryxatIgMqD15DUrcuHFDx3MeFi2ar+12JwuQxbi4OOREcHCwXWlLb8EI6XF42c6dO4m47dIXlQxR5H61g0DMUIEdt+tgJouLizMyMiR2NkFizPl7770HAaKjo207Q+wuQQWdB9Hy2GOPqRJ+dJLLly/rQl/8AhGPFCdO/lStahDngdrVyhqwbt0621udCYwCAwPd6m4fvAFdmv5szl0xQ0S0p9NJeEJOoB4bGxvpzzdv3oSdNk6ZEVEdtefv70+PUnL7E+YsICBArZFSRF+6O5nQ9aw1G4Du9GM9YjiaBIvV2ZHDtBb2RsNUkH4QixmOHTtmMlG4smeffRaXjTPR+8BqcXav2LT8wQcfzJ07NyIiIjExuTNRIe4YpIaxfZMnT7ZtBQimNVxCo4i+RDlIH7VJSwTExdHrca8vdUqAYtVobdy40a1kgxgjM23awabk5ORgUyTe16QQzxhBYC1kzIYNa8nGihUrrCoxU1RHC9o4AIUo88yZM2pPL7dPX7FBXOKqSG3YunXriBEjpHsAarO0tLRjDIePzsvL+/e//y336zSDVoC7LS0tgrviWjvl+4R1AvYe6SV2i1VUVMBgsTC148gDUd3EiRPRn/AY3ncUCSKaVx7TC9inL93LHZZm0ykjIyP1WEtJ6bp16zZu3DjzSsfeZ2Zmuva+TtMwPm6HcF6sUigyAt5I39mqGdSSEMcGo7yhpe7cuRMSEoLRfeKJJ0ySBspifcT8ttUjf3r27CkO1lAOO/SdNWuWWDKnKlGdgH6Kj49PTU2V3nLYjLVr15oWUsEPKte1J11DWegLM8QB5ZWVleQqNzc3JSXFHa606AxwFw1w7do1mIo+Jrd+fn4ZGX8dNOgRoQpgM+oZ7xEeHm4xoty/f3+15bJFX+O9XA7d7iQXTU1N9+7d0yNlyGo6Cxq6FBQUWB1SdSZqavaLizWHDh369tvvCjty9OhR97k9qTOI1SzQVOhjcYzfoUPt27Ztq6urS0xM5BliTUgMffmjOADzyy+/vHLlitrwplP6ImhGjx5NR5dQIEkQS63Hjh2rx7FoBw4cEPtmKyp2YDNcyxIKiNLlg+hUhw4dKCwsJPRxf+52BHk2uTVIdeHChfz8fFzo3bt3vby80tPTX3311cbGxkuXLhmMtvnUqVMO3WkshvfoFlFRUe62owsLdOLEiSFDhuzatWvw4MFySYxpF6R57bXXJCarFtS/qdpp1IiICNyO2C0sZnGJgaxO3be3t3eWJsG3jf86DXhytMRDDz00cuTIP/zhDzdv3iRuNt3HbTA2AQ5feXhjSV+sNwG+6AoLFiwwGINcG5d1OR8Etvwk7kbpizt2pCRrukHbYFwQ58KLZqlttHh5ebn4lWiGJicY6tu3r2msKjAwUPz39u3bgtnBwcF4S6scvXz5MnKouLhYbMpyByDrid4oKVkidN60adPcuXMNxpPdpk6dqjwdS/oSrwjuGowDn1Si6df169evWLFCCDKYzb+0nWLkCLAiRAbiMz21rs7WIldVQJnQwBgGiDJ9+nQpaWrG9u3bAwICqHnzezqEHBdjVapSM91y4NqBFKsQWXr99deDgoJOnz4dGxurKpOW9B0+fDiGvaGhwWC8aorkiCFwqVC5R49ex48fR1dcvHiRHp+Zmel8f4SuF0OeBmMXio2VaSN1mnHVho57+t3HAeoBMRWi9i1L+sJ9i9UFYurP9KvLowfcuvsMeXrgWuh+JbcHqiAuW21tbR00aBAaxuXGQm8Qa6HZKO+NGzcouNpFAV2MvuLgCIlx1apVqyoqKkQkVFZW5nJ1uHDhQoNxmSJxGMqtubkZHYzedbcFx7JAzefk5FC6CRMmwF3i8iNHjhDYKVyB9D/0RdqKkxBsH13hKojDMgixU1JSxN4NdLCSxXg2AHfT0uahjggdXH70U0lJ+datW69fv37hwoXo6GgiY5pw27Ztq1evcWGu9IMIRmnTgwcPi18ffPBBjMj48eMV7nv7lb6QQxz6lJSUtG/fPuhbVFRUXV3t+BY8KcDukj1x8JG/vz/cxXDyK1SuqanRPK1dWVlJAWfNmvXdd9+pXS8iHb6+v/TDM2fOxMTEiAGfvXv3ajispKsAkzFs2DCYmpOT1dbWhhk+ePBgdna2uNdMyaD+r/QdO3bs0qVL+VBXV4cNgC44r9zc3B49euhYAsWAqT179oS7cXFxmCUM1ZIlS8LDw6dNm4at0kxfiIIUefPNNym1wSjF6KsIUDg0ePBgJ2sJckITpqWlZWZmlpaW0q8MxiFSQev7D1Q15oOSIhVoRBqXvvrtt9/evXtXUNluCr/SNz4+HlpERkaeO3cuKiqqpaWF1J0/stsZ6EuoQLhLv8Iy1dcfwePDMw27q80xefJkFAh15+3tDW/oEtj4wsJCLy8vRHZ+fr7ea8AtIFbHGoxDoQajz0Edpqennz9/3g3lnOMgNhXlFQYIu4lJNsoJRfu6f6Xv5s2bccdEf9jt1tZfdswhJ65cuaL2dhCdQF+yGNETRxXRXx2ZJDPRxQScl7gnhjACReFk+lqAb3f53WnOBAZY1UK//wndREOKSzsMxrsmx40bp2oO2pkgxMnLywsJCcH1S0xWHK2CtWtoaJgzZ47ElD2QDlsDZxYTFu4GfIL02+AEUMCI/pKSkvt+2LWro4uN+zoB4lzy6OhoIiekv1ttM/bAAh76WgK5WVZWRjBn+P9jHj1wW3joawW2T7/8jaCqqkr6imrp8NDXg/+BOBTGz8/P29vbrfbaWMX9TF/sR2lpqbiORcNykN8m4G5xcbELV+urwv1MX3FV75AhQxYsWODhrhIsXry4ra3t888/z87Oduf9zCbct/S9detWQEDAzJkz/f39Y2JiXJ2droFLly4tXbp0+fLlq1atSk1Ndf9rQ+9b+ra3t3fv3v348eOYk61bt2ZkZLh2/sz9cfXq1YqKilOnTvE5KytLLIBxc9y39EUtwNqioqJjx45BYg937YIai4+PDwsL8/HxSUhIcPCKbefgvqWvwWz7lJucEuT+2Lx5c3Nzs5+fX1cJFe5n+nqgAe4frpnDQ18PujA89PWgC8NDXw+6MDz09aALw0NfD7owPPT1oAvj/wBrZWodvle7+wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
G1, G2 графтарының көбейтіндісі деп G1xG2=1xM2, R>, мұндағы ((a1,b1), (a2, b2)) R тек сонда ғана, егер a1=a2 және (b1,b2) R2 немесе b1=b2 және (a1,a2) R1.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |