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international law and, above all, the actualization of the issue of humanitarian intervention, based
on the erosion of the concept of national sovereignty and non-interference principle), and regional
level (a change of attitude of the Central Asian states to modern standards of international
relations). In other words, there will be a crucial change in the security regime – “a set of implicit or
explicit principles, norms, rules and decision-making procedures, defining the expectations of actors
in international relations” [2, p. 122]. In our case - operating in Central Asia.
Central Asia cannot be considered as a fully independent regional security complex. In the
best case, this - unstructured space acts as the insulator between neighboring complexes [3, p. 336-
359].
The source of a number of "non-traditional" security threats, at least, the issues that are
actively securitized in Central Asian countries, namely Afghanistan, were submitted beyond the
regionalization of Central Asia. Respectively, the impact that the Central Asian countries can have
on Afghanistan, is extremely limited. Thus, if in Central Asia the question of the feasibility of a
regional security system israised, its bases can only be created with structural reformatting of the
region.
Central Asian countries are forming a security policy based on military doctrines and annual
messages of the leaders of these countries. According to the military doctrine of the Republic of
Kazakhstan the country has consistently advocated the establishment of a system of international
relations, when the value of military force will be minimized and the settlement of disputes between
States will be carried out with the use of political, diplomatic and legal instruments. The Republic
of Kazakhstan considers that no state is its potential enemy [8]. Military and political cooperation of
the CAR countries in the 2000s may be characterised as follows: attempts of the countries of
Central Asia to create a security system without the participation of non-regional actors in the new
century have not been continued in view of global geopolitical conjuncture and complexity of the
overall situation in the region as a result of influence of external and internal factors [4, p. 122]. The
main objectives of the Republic of Kazakhstan policy are strengthening and development of
international and regional security, political stability in the country, the prevention of armed
conflicts and to maintain readiness of the Armed Forces, other troops and military formations of the
armed defence of the Republic of Kazakhstan and its allies, as well as in the prevention of security
threats and strengthening the stability the country cooperates:
- with CIS in the framework of the CSTO, as well as on a bilateral and multilateral basis;
- at the regional level: with the countries of Central Asia, with the member countries of the
SCO and the CICA;
- at the global level with all the countries members of the UN on the basis of the
international law.
The priority areas identified:
- the development of cooperation with the CSTO;
- enhanced cooperation with NATO in the framework of “Partnership for Peace”;
- strengthening of bilateral cooperation with Russia, the US, China and the EU;
- participation in military forces in international peacekeeping operations under the UN
aegis.
In accordance with the national security concept to ensure the military security of
Kyrgyzstan it provides the establishment and development of partnership relations with the
international military-political organizations and states both at the international and regional level.
Cooperation at the regional level is through the prism of the interaction with the CSTO, SCO, as
well as on a bilateral and multilateral basis with the CIS countries. At the global level - with all the
countries whose policies do not contradict the UN Charter and the interests of Kirghizstan.
According to this concept, the Kirghizstan government has identified the following key areas of
prevention and neutralization of threats:
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the formation of border perimeter security and good neighbourliness zone countries
on principles of equal security, respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity within its existing
borders;
-
the establishment and strengthening of zones free from all weapons of mass
destruction;
-
formation of the necessary international legal framework for cooperation with the
organizations and the world community in combating international terrorism, extremism and
separatism;
-
improving the system of immigration, border and customs and sanitary control.
Concerning the Kyrgyz official leadership opinion, which is reflected in the concept, inter-
State relations in Central Asia are characterized, on the one hand, as the desire to integrate on the
other, as the competition in the struggle for survival due to the process of national self-
determination, finding ways of political and economic integration into the world community [5].
According to the Kazakh researcher I.A. Chernyh positions of the two countries are
determined by the fact that they cannot ensure their military security without reliable contacts with
external actors such as Russia, China and the United States. On the other hand, they cannot relax
due to the different policy of other Central Asian states (in the first place - with Uzbekistan).
Therefore, Kazakhstan and Kirghizstan always offer and participate in the models of non-regional
powers, thus ensuring, on the one hand, the balance of them, and on the other side to balance
military capabilities and the regional ambitions of Uzbekistan. Thus, the political leadership of the
two countries is committed to providing military security, balancing between world and regional
power centers [6, p. 220].
In official documents of the Republic of Uzbekistan there is stated the need to create a
unified system of regional security in Central Asia, under which the country will play a leading role
and will be able to declare the status of a regional leader [10, p. 37]. However, despite calls for the
integration of the countries in the region they have mutual contradictions on a number of issues of
regional security, including border issues between countries, water and energy disputes and ethnic
divisions.
With the declaration of permanent neutrality in 1995 Turkmen leadership has repeatedly
noted the importance of peaceful cooperation, non-interference policy in the affairs of other
countries and complete disarmament [7]. As a neutral country, Turkmenistan is not a member of
any military alliance or bloc, because it seizes the guarantees of security from the UN.
Representatives of law enforcement agencies are taking part in various meetings of the CIS as
observers. The only exception is the participation in the work of the Coordinating Committee on Air
Defence under the Council of Defence Ministers of the CIS member states.
The geopolitical situation of Tajikistan, its military-strategic position, the low probability of
a large-scale war and the difficult economic conditions of the country virtually eliminate the need
and the opportunity to advance the creation of powerful groups of the armed forces in its geo-
strategic areas. Taking into account the serious threat of military conflict, not only for Tajikistan,
but for all Central - Asian region, it is necessary:
- to adhere to the principles of peaceful coexistence, political solution of regional and
international disputes and conflicts, respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of States,
non-interference in their internal affairs and inviolability of state borders;
- to deny war, the use of force or threat of force to achieve political, economic and other
purposes;
- to condemn all acts of international terrorism, political extremism, separatism and drug
trafficking.