3 деңгейлі смж құжаты

Stress difference

ad'ress 'adress

ciga'rette 'cigaret

'frontier fron'tier

la'boratory 'laboratory

maga'zine 'magazine

re'seach 'reseach

trans'late 'translate

week'end 'weekend
Өзін-өзі тексеруге арналған сұрақтар

1/ What variants of the English language do you know?

2/ What is Cockney?

3/ How many dialects are there in England?

4/ Give some examples of differences in the vocabulary system of the British English and American English?

Ұсынылған әдебиеттер

1. Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В. Лексикология английского языка. М., Изд-во дом ,

1999.

2. Гинзбург Р.З., Хидекель С.С. A course in Modern English Lexicology. М., 1978

4. Кунин А.В. Фразеология английского языка. М., 1996

5. Зыкова И.В. Практикуи по лексикологии английского языка. М., 2006.

6. David Crystal. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University

Press, 1994.
Lecture 17. Phraseological units (Set expressions).

Classification of set expressions.
1.Various approaches to the theory of phraseological units.

2.Main characteristic features of phraseological units.

3.Structural and semantic classifications of phraseological units. Proverbs, sayings, cliches.
Дәріс тезистері
Opinions differ as to how word groups and praseological units should be defined, classified ,described and analyzed. The word “phraseology”, for instance, has very different meanings in our country and in Great Britain or the USA. . In Russian linguistics literature the term has come to be used for the whole ensemble of expressions where the meaning of one element is dependent on the other, irrespective of the structure and property of the unit. /V.V.Vinagradov/. With other authers it depends ob such set expressions which do not possess expressiveness or emotional colouring /A.I. Smirnitsky/, and also vica versa, only those that are imaginative, expressive and emotional./ I.V.Arnold/. O.S.Akhmanva has repeatedly insisted on the semantic integtity of such phrases prevailing over the structural separateness of their elements. A.V. Koonin lays the stress on the structural separateness of the elements in a phraseological unit, on the change of meaning in the whole as compared its elements taken separately and on a certain minimum stability. All these authors use the same word “phraseology’ to denote the branch of linguistics studying the word group they have in mind. In English and American linguistics the situation is very different. No special branch of study exists and the term “phraseology” is a stylistic one meaning according to Webster’s dictionary “mode /type/ of expression, peculiarities of diction, i.e. choice and arrangement of words and phrases characteristic of some characteristic of some authors or some literary work”

The term ‘set expression’ is on the contrary more definite, because the 1-st element points out the most important characteristic of these units, namely their stability, their fixed and ready made nature. The word ’expression’ suits our purpose because it is a general term including words, groups od words and sentences, so that both up and downs (успехи и неудачи) and that’s a horse of another colour (Это совсем другое дело.) are expressions. That’s why the term “set expression” is also frequently used instead of phraseological units or other terms..

According to the type of motivation and other above mentioned features, three types of phraseological units are suggested: 1/ phraseological fusions represent as their name suggests the highest stage of blending together. The meaning of components is completely absorbed by the meaning of the whole by its expressiveness and emotional properties. E.g. tit for tat / око за око зуб за зуб/, to set one’s cap at smb. / to try or attract a man/, to show the white feather /to betray one’s cowardice/ etc. Phraseological fusions are specific for every language and do not lend themselves to literal translations and into other languages.

Phraseological units are much more numerous. They are clearly motivated. Their meaning can be usually perceived through the metaphoric meaning of the whole phraseological unit. The emotional quality is based on the image created by the whole as in the following examples: to stick /stand/ to one’s gun / to refuse to change one’s statements or opinions/, to sink or swim / to fail or succeed/, in deep water / to be in trouble, danger/, to sail under false colours / to pretend to be what one is not/. Another characteristic feature of the type is the possibility of synonimic substitution, which can be only very limited. Some of them are easily translated and even international, e.g. to know the way the wind is blowing, to show one’s teeth, to wash one’s dirty linen in public etc.

The third group in this classification is the phraseological combination is the phraseological combinations.They are not only motivated but contain one component used in its direct meaning while the other is used figuratively. E.g. to meet the demand, to meet the necessity, to meet the requirements, to lose one’s head / to be at a loss/, to lose one’s heart to smb. / to fall in love/, to sit on the fence / to discuss politics/ etc

2/ What linguists investigated the problem of set expressions?

3/ What types of set expressions do you know?

4/ How A.V. Koonin classified English set expressions?

Ұсынылған әдебиеттер

1. Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В. Лексикология английского языка. М., Изд-во дом ,

1999.

2. Гинзбург Р.З., Хидекель С.С. A course in Modern English Lexicology. М., 1978

4. Кунин А.В. Фразеология английского языка. М., 1996

5. Зыкова И.В. Практикуи по лексикологии английского языка. М., 2006.

6. David Crystal. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University

Press, 1994.
Lecture 18. Lexicography. Types of dictionaries.
1. The Theory of lexicography.

2. Types and structure of dictionaries.

Lexicography is an important branch of applied linguistics dealing with the theory and practice of compiling dictionaries. It has a common object of study with lexicology as both of them describe the vocabulary of a language. The difference between them lies in the degree of systematization and completeness each of them is able achieve.

Lexicology studies semantic relationships of words and any formal phonological or grammatical devices by which they may be rendered. It cannot , however, claim any completeness as regards the units themselves, because the number of these units being very great , systematization and completeness could not be achieved simultaneously.

The province of lexicology, on the other hand, is the semantic, formal and functional description of all individual words. Dictionaries aim at more a less complete description, but in doing so cannot attain systematic treatment, so that every dictionary entry presents its problem as it were an independent problem.

Lexicologists present their material in a sequence depending upon their views concerning the vocabulary, whereas lexicographers have to arrange it according to a purely external characteristic, namely, alphabetically.

It goes without saying that neither of these branches of linguistics could develop successfully without the other.

The term dictionary is used to denote a book listing words of a language with their meanings and often with data regarding pronunciation, usage or origin .

There are also dictionaries that concentrate their attention upon only one of these aspects: pronouncing / or phonetical / dictionaries and etymological dictionaries.

For dictionaries in which the words and their definition belong to the same language the term unilingual or explanatory is used, whereas bilingual or translation dictionaries are those that explain words by giving their equivalents in other language. Multilingaul dictionaries are not numerous, they serve chiefly the purpose of comparing synonyms and terminology in various languages.

Both bilingual and unilingual dictionaries can be general and special. General dictionaries represent the vocabulary as a whole with a degree of completeness depending upon the scope and bulk of the book in question.

General dictionaries are contrasted to special dictionaries whose aim is to cover a certain specific part of the vocabulary. Special dictionaries may be further subdivided depending on whether the words are chosen according to the sphere of human activity in which thay are used / technical dictionaries/ , the type of the units themselves / e.g/ phraseological dictionaries/ or the relationships existing between them /e.g. dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms/ etc.

English lexicography is probably the richest in the world with respect to variety and scope of the dictionaries published. The demand for a dictionary is very great.

A dictionary is the most widely used reference book in English homes and business offices Correct pronunciation and spelling are of great importance because they are necessary foe efficient communication.

Etymological dictionaries trace present day words to the oldest forms available, establish their primary meanings by means of comparative-historical method.

Types of dictionaries.

2/ What types of dictionaries do you know?

3/ What are special dictionaries?

4/ What dictionaries do general dictionaries include?