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DNA replication. The main stages of protein synthesis: transcription, translation.
The genetic code of its properties. Gene and its role in the biosynthesis process. The
regulation of protein synthesis.
MODULE II. BIOREPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF
ORGANISMS (16 HOURS)
2.1 Cell reproduction. Cell cycle.
Mitosis. Cell fission is the basis for growth, development and reproduction of
organisms. The structure and functions of chromosomes. Karyotype, haploid and
diploid number of chromosomes. DNA is a hereditary information carrier. Doubling
of the DNA molecule in the cell. Value of number’s persistence and shape of the
chromosomes in the cells. Mitosis. Biological meaning
of mitosis.
2.2 Asexual reproduction, its shape.
Characteristics and meaning
of asexual reproduction. The main methods of
asexual reproduction: binary fission, multiple fission (schizogony), sporulation,
budding, strobilation, polyembryony, fragmentation. Cloning of higher plants and
animals. Virus replication. Reproduction of prokaryotes.
2.3 Sexual reproduction. Meiosis.
Sexual reproduction: genetic and evolutionary significance. Meiosis. Features of
meiotic reduction division. Conjugation of chromosomes. Crossingover. Features of
meiotic equational division. Biological meaning of meiosis. Irregular types of sexual
reproduction: apomixis (parthenogenesis), hermaphroditism.
2.4 Sex cells. Gametogenesis. Fertilization.
Structural features of sperm and ovum. Animals’ spermatogenesis and
oogenesis. Features of animals’ fertilization. Features of flowers’ gametogenesis.
Pollination. The essence of double fertilization.
2.5 Ontogenesis. Animals’ embryonic development.
Animal and human’s periodization of ontogenesis. Zygote. Embryogenesis. The
initial stages of cleavage. Blastomeres. Classification of furrows’ cleavage. Types of
cleavage. Cleavage and blastulation. Morula and neurula. Gastrulation, types of
gastrulation. Formation of germ layers. Histogenesis and organogenesis.
2.6 Post-embryonic development (direct and indirect).
Periods of individual development of different animals. Stages of animals’
development without metamorphosis. Indirect development of animals is
metamorphosis. Adaptive meaning of metamorphosis. Different types of animals’
individual development with metamorphosis. Metamorphosis of plants.
MODULE III. FUNDAMENTALS OF GENETICS AND SELECTION
3.1 Mendel's laws of heredity.
Genetic nomenclature (symbolics). Features and properties, genes, allelic genes,
locus. Genotype, phenotype, genome, gene pool.
Basic laws of free combination of hybrids’ traits. Principles of classical genetic
analysis. Laws of heredity established by Mendel. Gametes’ rule of purity. Principle
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of discrete heredity. Test cross. Type of alleles’ interaction. Inheritance of human’s
blood groups in ABO system
Monohybrid, dihybrid, polyhybrid, back (analyzing) crossing, incomplete
dominance. Principles of classical genetic analysis. Solution of common task.
3.2 Theory on chromosomes of heredity. Sex-linked inheritance.
Theory on chromosomes. Works by Morgan T. Behavior of chromosomes
during meiosis and fertilization is the basis of independent inheritance. Group of
linkage and chromosomes. Basic laws of features’ linked inheritance. Recombination
of genes in crossingover. Genetic meaning of crossingover.
Genetic analysis of sex-linked inheritance of traits and crossingover,
chromosomes’ gene mapping. Solution of tasks.
3.3 Genetics of sex.
Sex chromosomes. Balanced hypothesis of sex determination. The ratio of
animals’ sex chromosomes. Laws of inheritance of sex-linked traits. Genetic analysis
of inheritance of sex-linked traits. Solution of tasks.
3.4 Genotype as an entire system. Interaction of genes.
Interaction of genes. Interaction of allelic genes: complete dominance,
incomplete dominance, overdominance. Interaction of non-allelic genes:
complementarity, epistasis, polymery, pleiotropy. The concept of penetrance and
expressivity. Gene complexes. Genotype as an entire and historically established
system.
Genetic analysis of traits’ inheritance in different types of gene interaction.
Solution of tasks.
3.5 Human Genetics.
Man as an object of genetics. Aims and methods of human genetics. Connection
of Human Genetics and Medical Genetics. The organization of human genome. Basic
human hereditary diseases, inheritance of some defects in the development. Human
chromosomal syndromes sex-linked and sex-unlinked. Medical and genetic
counselling.
3.6 The main shape variability.
Genotype and phenotype. Heredity and the environment, norm of reaction.
Hereditary and non-hereditary variability. Modification variability. Mutational
variability and the principles of its classification. Repair of DNA molecules.
Combinative variability.
3.7 Laws of modification variability.
The study of (modification) variability, varying types of quantitative and
qualitative characteristics and its graphical presentation, construction of variational
series, calculation of selected indicators and assessment of its validity.
3.8 Selection of animals, plants and microorganisms.
The main methods of animals, plants and microorganisms’ selection. The
concept of plant varieties, animal breeds, microbial strain. New methods of selection.
Achievements and main directions of modern selection. Gene and Cell Engineering.
Biotechnology.
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