Diesel
Experimental diesel-powered locomotives were first built just after World War I. In the 1940s, they began to
displace steam power on American railroads. Following the end of World War II, diesel power began to appear
on railroads in many countries. The significantly better economics of diesel operation triggered a dash to diesel
power, a process known as Dieselization. By the late 1960s, few major railroads in North America, Europe and
Oceania continued to operate steam locomotives, although significant numbers still existed outside these areas.
Electric
In 1893 in Paris Charles Brown assisted Jean Heilmann in evaluating AC and DC transmission
systems for Fusée Electrique, a steam locomotive with electric transmission, and using this knowledge he
designed a three-phase AC electric locomotive for Oerlikon, Zurich. Brown (by then in partnership with Walter
Boveri) put these into service on the first electrified main line, the Burgdorf—Thun line, Switzerland, in 1899.
Each thirty-tonne locomotive had two 150 hp (110 kW) motors.
[18]
Use
The three main categories of locomotives are often subdivided in their usage in
rail
transport operations
. There are
passenger
locomotives,
freight
locomotives and
switcher
(or
shunting) locomotives. These categories determine the locomotive's combination of physical
size, starting
tractive effort
and maximum permitted speed. Freight locomotives are normally
designed to deliver high starting
tractive effort
—needed to start trains that may weigh as much as
15,000
long tons
(16,800
short tons
; 15,241
t
)—and deliver sustained high power, at the sacrifice
of maximum speed. Passenger locomotives develop less starting tractive effort but are able to
operate at the high speeds demanded by passenger schedules.
Mixed traffic locomotives
(US
English: general purpose or road switcher locomotives) are built to provide elements of both
requirements. They do not develop as much starting tractive effort as a freight unit but are able to
haul heavier trains than a passenger engine.
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Operational role
Locomotives occasionally work in a specific role, such as:
Train engine
is the technical name for a locomotive attached to the front of a railway
train
to haul that train. Alternatively, where facilities exist for
push-pull
operation, the train engine
might be attached to the rear of the train;
Pilot engine
– a locomotive attached in front of the train engine, to enable
Double-heading
;
Banking engine
– a locomotive temporarily assisting a train from the rear, due to a difficult
start or a sharp incline gradient;
Light engine
– a locomotive operating without a train behind it, for relocation or operational
reasons.
Station pilot
– a locomotive used to shunt passenger trains at a railway station.
УДК 621.391.8
Смаилова Ф.И.
– к.п.н., доцент, Казахская академия транспорта и коммуникаций
им. М.Тынышпаева (г. Алматы, Казахстан)
Ркенова Л.
– студент, Казахская академия транспорта и коммуникаций
им. М.Тынышпаева (г. Алматы, Казахстан)
MODERN TENDENCIES IN MOBILE PHONES
Bell was a Scottish-born American scientist and inventor, most famous for his pioneering
work on the development of the telephone. Alexander Graham Bell was born on 3 March 1847 in
Edinburgh and educated there and in London. His father and grandfather were both authorities
on elocution and at the age of 16 Bell himself began researching the mechanics of speech. In
1870, Bell emigrated with his family to Canada, and the following year he moved to the United
States to teach. There he pioneered a system called visible speech, developed by his father, to
teach deaf-mute children. In 1872 Bell founded a school in Boston to train teachers of the deaf.
The school subsequently became part of Boston University, where Bell was appointed professor
of vocal physiology in 1873. He became a naturalised U.S. citizen in 1882.
Bell had long been fascinated by the idea of transmitting speech, and by 1875 had come
up with a simple receiver that could turn electricity into sound. Others were working along the
same lines, including an Italian-American Antonio Meucci, and debate continues as to who
should be credited with inventing the telephone. However, Bell was granted a patent for the
telephone on 7 March 1876 and it developed quickly. Within a year the first telephone exchange
was built in Connecticut and the Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877, with Bell the
owner of a third of the shares, quickly making him a wealthy man.
In 1880, Bell was awarded the French Volta Prize for his invention and with the money,
founded the Volta Laboratory in Washington, where he continued experiments in
communication, in medical research, and in techniques for teaching speech to the deaf, working
with Helen Keller among others. In 1885 he acquired land in Nova Scotia and established a
summer home there where he continued experiments, particularly in the field of aviation. In
1888, Bell was one of the founding members of the National Geographic Society, and served as
its president from 1896 to 1904, also helping to establish its journal.
Bell died on 2 August 1922 at his home in Nova Scotia.
A
telephone switchboard
is a telecommunications system used in the public
switched telephone network or in enterprises to interconnect circuits of telephones to establish
telephone calls between the subscribers or users, or between other exchanges. The switchboard
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was an essential component of a manual telephone exchange, and was operated by one or more
persons, called operators who either used electrical cords or switches to establish the
connections.
The electromechanical automatic telephone exchange, invented by Almon Strowger in
1888, gradually replaced manual switchboards in central telephone exchanges starting in 1919
when the Bell System adopted automatic switching, but many manual branch exchanges
remained operational during the last half of the 20th century in offices, hotels, or other
enterprises. Later electronic devices and computer technology gave the operator access to an
abundance of features. In modern businesses, a private branch exchange (PBX) often has
anattendant console for the operator, or an auto-attendant, which bypasses the operator entirely.
The original phone
On March 10, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell spoke into his device and said to his assistant,
“Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you.” In doing so, Bell launched the telephone era with
the first bi-directional electronic transmission of the spoken word. At least that is how the story
typically goes. While Bell received the first patent for a telephone, the origin of the telephone is
complicated and inconclusive, with Elisha Gray, Antonio Meucci of Italy, and Innocenzo
Manzetti each claiming to be the phone’s true inventor.
Portable phones
Portable, or cordless, phones were the phone equivalent of the TV remote. You were no
longer physically attached to your phone’s base station. Beginning in the 1980s, portable phones
were like a small-scale cell phone. You could talk on your phone anywhere in your house. Now
that you can talk on your phone anywhere in the world, portable phones seem quaint. But at the
time, a well-placed portable phone could save you a trip across the house.
Motorola DynaTAC
Released in 1984, the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X was the first commercially available
mobile phone. In 1973, Martin Cooper made the first cell phone call ever with a predecessor of
this beast. At 1.75 pounds, this phone had 30 minutes of talk time and cost a not-so-modest
$3,995.
Nokia 5110
One of many classic Nokia candybar-style phones, the Nokia 5110 was rugged and had a
long battery life. More importantly, you could play Snake on its 47 × 84 pixel screen. The 5110
was also customizable, with replaceable face plates.
Sanyo SCP–5300
Released in 2003, the Sanyo SCP–5300 was one of the first phones to include a camera. It
was already clear that digital cameras would replace film cameras, but it wasn’t clear that a
camera could fit in a phone. By today’s standards, the SCP–5300’s camera is pathetic. The SCP–
5300 could take 640 × 480 pixel photos and store 10 to 15 of them. It had a built-in flash with a
range of only three feet. Still, this phone broke ground, and today it is clear how central cameras
are to our phones.
iPhone and Android
When the iPhone was introduced in 2007, Apple brought the smartphone to the masses.
With its intuitive touchscreen, intelligent sensors, and sleek design, the iPhone has been an
incredible success. The iPhone quickly showed just how clunky previous smartphones and flip
phones were. While initially lacking some basic features such as copy-and-paste, the iPhone has
consistently improved with annual updates to both its hardware and software and runs a mobile-
optimized version of OS X, the company’s desktop computing operating system.
Chinese mobile phone
Guess who came up with the idea to create a mobile phone shaped like a cigarette box?
The Chinese of course! When you think of Chinese mobile phones, the words ‘clone’ and ‘rip
‘off’ spring to mind, but in this instance, all I can think is
why
?? OK, I admit it does looks pretty
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cool and it is certainly unusual, but I really struggle to see what kind of person would be
interested actually buying it. Or actually be brave enough to use it in public.
Not much is known about the specifications of this phone, but it does come with an inbuilt
camera and supports GSM 900/1800Mhz.
Available at Yokami.com for $160.
Elfoid
The idea is you use a motion-capture system to transmit your face and head movements to
the Elfoid, which would reproduce them, plus your voice, on its own little body, thereby
conveying your presence.
The contraption is a creation of Japanese roboticist Hiroshi Ishiguro, a professor at Osaka
University, famous for creating android clones of himselfand of a twentysomething Japanese
model, among others.
The selfie mirror
Selfie sticks can be awkward to use, and have even been banned in some areas. For those
who feel the need to post and share their face with the world, there’s a new product in
development. Smart Ltd. announced its plans to take its prototype
Selfie Mirror to the open
crowdfunding market
in an effort to release what it is proclaiming to be the world’s first smart
mirror; one designed specifically with hands-free selfies in mind.
The Seflie Mirror also plans to use its “high-fidelity sound system” 150-20,000Hz, 8 ohms,
15W, with a TDA7482 digital amplifier to entertain through music and other content streamed
from a connected smartphone. Also, much like terrestrial radio, Selfie Mirror will never let you
forget the time, date or weather, with a “fast review” feature that includes news.
УДК 621.391.8
Сиптанова Р.И. –
преподователь,
Казахская академия транспорта и коммуникаций
им. М.Тынышпаева (г. Алматы, Казахстан)
Саенко E.
– студент, Казахская академия транспорта и коммуникаций
им. М.Тынышпаева (г. Алматы, Казахстан)
TRANSPORT IN KAZAKHSTAN
The vast territory of Kazakhstan spans across 2.7 million km
2
. With a low population
density, dissociation centers of industry and agriculture, and remoteness from world markets, the
need for different modes of transportation in Kazakhstan are vital.
Kazakhstan is committed to regional infrastructure development.
[1]
According to
Kazakhstan Ambassador to the U.S. Kairat Umarov, in 2014 Kazakhstan invested $18 billion to
construct more airports, highways, and railroads.
Transportation by rail in Kazakhstan is very important. Kazakhstan Railways provide
68% of all cargo and passenger traffic to over 57% of the country. 15,333 km in common carrier
service, excluding industrial lines.
As the Kazakhstani rail system was designed during the Soviet era rail routes were
designed ignoring intersoviet borders and to the needs of Soviet planning. This has caused
anamolies such as the route from Ural'sk to Aktobe briefly now passing through Russian
territory. It also means routes might not now suit modern day Kazakhstani needs.
As the Kazakhstani rail system was designed during the Soviet era rail routes were
designed ignoring intersoviet borders and to the needs of Soviet planning. This has caused
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anamolies such as the route from Ural'sk to Aktobe briefly now passing through Russian
territory. It also means routes might not now suit modern day Kazakhstani needs.
Railway links with adjacent countries
Russia - same gauge (former Soviet Union railway system)
China - breaks of gauge 1,520 mm (4 ft 11
27
⁄
32
in)/1,435 mm (4 ft 8
1
⁄
2
in); border station
at Druzhba, KZ - Alashankou, CN, connection between the Turkestan–Siberia Railway and the
Northern Xinjiang Railway (no electrification on them)
Kyrgyzstan - same gauge (former Soviet Union railway system)
Uzbekistan - same gauge (former Soviet Union railway system)
Turkmenistan - same gauge (former Soviet Union railway system) (railway link opened
in 2013, presently for freight) Founded by the government in 2002 as a joint stock company
KTZ’s task is to develop, operate, and maintain railway transportation in Kazakhstan. It is
headquartered in Astana. Related stock companies own the rolling stock, the hauling equipment,
and the passenger transport division. Repair facilities have been privatized. Private companies
may own or rent rolling stock that can use the rail system
LITERATURE
1.
Manufacturing
Automation
–
Automation
at
a
crossroads:
http://www.automationmag.com/pages/archives/October2004/coverstory.htm
2. Using Global Resources to Succeed: http://www.automation.com/library/articles-white-
papers/articles-by-jim-pinto/using-global-resources-to-succeed
3. Industrial Automation Inflection Points: http://www.automation.com/library/articles-white-
papers/articles-by-jim-pinto/industrial-automation-inflection-points
4. Stay agile in an accelerating business environment: http://jimpinto.com/writings/stayagile.html
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