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«РОЛЬ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ПЯТИ ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ
РЕФОРМ», ПОСВЯЩЕННОЙ ПЛАНУ НАЦИИ «100 КОНКРЕТНЫХ ШАГОВ»
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УДК 621.391.8
Абдирова А. –
ст. преподователь, Казахская академия транспорта и коммуникаций
им. М.Тынышпаева (г. Алматы, Казахстан)
Нариманов А. –
студент, Казахская академия транспорта и коммуникаций
им. М.Тынышпаева (г. Алматы, Казахстан)
AUTO ROADS OF THE WORLD AND KAZAKHSTAN
Roads - the most important element of the common transport system of the country,
without which it can not function no industry. The level of development and the technical
condition of the road network significantly affect the economic and social development of the
country as a whole and its individual parts, as reliable transport links contribute to more efficient
use of fixed assets, labor and material resources, improving labor productivity.
The geopolitical location of Kazakhstan in the center of the Eurasian continent will create
favorable conditions for the use of highways emerging transcontinental routes messages Asia -
Europe, most of which include portions of Kazakhstani roads.
In implementing the strategy of socio-economic development of the Republic, intended
for a permanent vacation from raw material orientation. Increasing the share of manufacturing
industries, agriculture, the development of domestic production, road transport will grow rapidly.
Long-term prospects for the task of modernization of roads is defined in the amount of
one of the major priorities of the development strategy.
In the previous period of the republic on the historically formed the transit potential
routes. At the same time Kazakhstan solved two strategic tasks:
"Out of the republic, as the inland state to seaports
"Transit transport pass in three areas:
a) Russia: Europe
b) China and Japan; South-East Asia
c) Republic of Central Asia, the Caucasus, Iran, Iraq
Participants roads in Kazakhstan in these areas includes part of - the Asian Highway
formed UNESCAP, as well as in the network of international roads of the CIS participating
countries the list of which is approved by the decision of the Presidium of the CIS Interstate
Economic Committee, 11 September 1998
Main transport activities carried out in six main corridors:
1. Tashkent - Shymkent - Taraz - Almaty
2. Shymkent - Kyzylorda - Aktybinsk - Uralsk - Samara
3. Almaty - Karaganda - Astana - Petropavlovsk
4. Astrakhan - Atyrau - Aktau - border of Turkmenistan
5. Omsk - Pavlodar - Semipolatinsk - Mashkanagay
6. Astana - Kostanay - Chelyabinsk - Yekaterinburg
Thus, the network of international roads integrated into the European and Asian sub-
regional system of roads with access to many states, major ports, transportation hubs, etc.
The length of roads in Kazakhstan amounted to 128 thousand km 82.2 thousand km of
them -.. Public roads.
Realizing the importance of roads in the life of the state by the Ministry of Transport and
Communications has developed a program for the development of the road had grown.
The program provides for the restoration of the six above mentioned corridors, improving
their technical speed, improving service to ensure their appeal, the use of transit potential of the
Republic.
During this time, it is planned to build 16 thousand. Km of roads. Annual funding should
be $ 350 million per year, and it will.:
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РЕФОРМ», ПОСВЯЩЕННОЙ ПЛАНУ НАЦИИ «100 КОНКРЕТНЫХ ШАГОВ»
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"Finish the repair and rehabilitation of transit corridors
"To ensure the smooth and safe movement of transport
"Enlarge the transport potential of the country
Republic since 2000 allocates significant funds for scientific - research work in the road
had grown. Highways - State property, and on how the country's leaders to take their road
depends largely on the level of living standards and economic growth of the Republic.
Roads in Kazakhstan - a network of roads in Kazakhstan, uniting with each other
settlements, and individual objects and is designed for vehicle traffic, transportation of
passengers and cargo.
The network of public roads includes more than 96 thousand kilometers, many of which
are in need of reconstruction and repair.
After Kazakhstan held 5 international road routes, the total length of 23 thousand. Km.
Car line:
Almaty - Astana - Kostanay (highway M-36) with access to Chelyabinsk
Almaty - Petropavlovsk with access to Omsk
Almaty - Semey - Pavlodar (highway M-38) with access to Omsk
Almaty - Shymkent (A2 highway) exit to Tashkent
Shymkent - Aktobe - Uralsk (highway M-32) with access to Samara
In 2009, the country began construction of the highway "Western Europe - Western
China", which will be completed by 2016. The total length of the road will be 8445 km,
including 2787 km on the territory of Kazakhstan (Aktobe, Kyzylorda, South Kazakhstan,
Zhambyl and Almaty regions). The thickness of the asphalt pavement is 80 cm, motorway
service life - 25 years without a major overhaul, the maximum speed - 120 kilometers per hour.
The project includes a number of road bridges over the river, road-maintenance complexes,
stopping areas, Auto Pavilion, underpasses, electronic boards. Simultaneously with the
construction will repair and build roads in the districts along the route.
Roads are an integral part of the integrated transport system. They are a whole range of
facilities for safe driving. Roads are necessary for the development of economy, culture, social
services, security of the state. Maintenance of roads ensures continuous and safe movement of
vehicles and pedestrians, regardless of the season, increasing the life of the road service at the
lowest cost. The road is not only because of the road surface, so its construction and maintenance
is necessary to periodically conduct many works that require significant capital investment.
Rating few of the most expensive in the maintenance of roads:
1. It is surprising that occupies 125 out of 139 countries on the roads of Russia - place,
although their content is allocated 8038 euros per 1 kilometer of road, as much as in Finland,
which occupies the 13th place. At the same time there were taken into account costs and
municipal roads. To date, the most expensive in the world is the road Adler - Yasnaya Polyana.
For its construction spent 227 billion rubles. Since the length of all 48 kilometers, the cost of one
kilometer of the road about 140 million dollars. If we consider the fast lane Moscow - Saint -
Petersburg, consisting of several bands, it can be seen that the construction of one kilometer it
takes about 19, 5 million euros. A lot of? Highly! But the objective is very comparable costs. For
example, to build a similar highway in Germany leaves 19, 15 million euros per kilometer, in
Sweden - 25, 76 million euros.
2. Switzerland. Quality Swiss roads, as well as everything he touched the hands of the
Swiss, flawlessly. Before the construction of the Adler - Yasnaya Polyana was considered the
most expensive tunnel in Switzerland, for every kilometer which took 40 million euros.
3. Construction of roads in the United States - one of the priority types of construction.
The roads here are a matter of national pride, so constructed quickly, efficiently and fairly
economical. In statistics, the cost of the road is often considered only one lane. So, one kilometer
lane costs from $ 1.2 million to 117.5 million dollars. This part of the road in Boston, passing
through an area with tunnels and flyovers. Road costs depend on the particular circumstances.
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РЕФОРМ», ПОСВЯЩЕННОЙ ПЛАНУ НАЦИИ «100 КОНКРЕТНЫХ ШАГОВ»
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4. Germany. The main attraction of Germany - this is the road. The streets of the towns
and villages, and of course, their famous autobahns. For example, at the site of one of the streets
in the 2.4 kilometer long old top layer of asphalt have replaced the noise absorbing asphalt, a
thickness of about 7 cm. The official cost of the road is 2, 75 million euros per kilometer of road.
Even if she has eight lanes, to repair one kilometer strip falls 450 thousand dollars. It would be
possible to write off all of the high cost of noise absorbing asphalt, but there's nothing unusual
there, and produce it to those plants, that normal. The average cost of one kilometer of highway -
19 million euros.
5. In China, the roads are treated as an important tool for strengthening the state, so their
construction and operation are paying a lot of attention. From built within the last two years, the
roads, the minimum cost of one kilometer of highway is about 1, 99 million (part of the highway
in northwest China), the maximum - about 71.16 million dollars (Changde-Jishou Expressway).
The average price - $ 11 million. Road maintenance plays a very important role in keeping roads
in working order. In connection with the traffic growth over the situation must be constantly
monitored at all year round roads. Even all the measures can not eliminate the occurrence of
emergency situations, so keep in mind that the responsibility for the maintenance of normal
traffic flow is not only road maintenance services, but also to the drivers themselves.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. AM Antonov, VA Bochinin, Kalechits EV Organization and planning of road construction. M.
Transport, 1968
2. Batrakov OT, Sidenko VM Organization of road construction works. M. Transport, 1966
3. Bochin VA (Et al.), Handbook engineer Roadman. Avtotransizdat 1969
4. VS Boychuk Quick Reference Roadman. K .: Budivelnyk. 1979
5. AA Vasiliev Road machinery 1987, p. 416.
6. Galkin IG (Et al.) Technology and organization of construction industry. M .: Higher School.
1969
УДК 621.391.8
Самсакова Р.А.
– ст. преподователь, Казахская академия транспорта и
коммуникаций им. М.Тынышпаева (г. Алматы, Казахстан)
Оразбек Н.
– студент, Казахская академия транспорта и коммуникаций
им. М.Тынышпаева (г. Алматы, Казахстан)
HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT LOCOMOTIVES
A locomotive or engine is a rail transport vehicle that provides the motive power for a
train. The word originates from the Latin loco – "from a place", ablative of locus, "place" +
Medieval Latin motivus, "causing motion", and is a shortened form of the term locomotive
engine, first used in the early 19th century to distinguish between mobile and stationary steam
engines.
Prior to locomotives, the motive force for railroads had been generated by various lower-technology
methods such as human power, horse power, gravity or stationary engines that drove cable systems.
The first successful locomotives were built by Cornish inventor Richard Trevithick. In 1804 his unnamed steam
locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the Penydarren ironworks, nearMerthyr Tydfil in Wales.
Although the locomotive hauled a train of 10 long tons (11.2 short tons; 10.2 t) of iron and 70 passengers in five
wagons over nine miles (14 km), it was too heavy for the cast iron rails used at the time. The locomotive only ran
three trips before it was abandoned. Trevithick built a series of locomotives after the Penydarren experiment,
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РЕФОРМ», ПОСВЯЩЕННОЙ ПЛАНУ НАЦИИ «100 КОНКРЕТНЫХ ШАГОВ»
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including one which ran at a colliery in Tyneside in northern England, where it was seen by the young George
Stephenson.
[3]
The first commercially successful steam locomotive was Matthew Murray's rack locomotive,
Salamanca, built for the narrow gaugeMiddleton Railway in 1812. This was followed in 1813 by the Puffing
Billy built by Christopher Blackett and William Hedley for the Wylam Colliery Railway, the first successful
locomotive running by adhesion only. Puffing Billy is now on display in the Science Museum in London, the
oldest locomotive in existence.
[4]
In 1814 George Stephenson, inspired by the early locomotives of Trevithick and Hedley persuaded the manager
of the Killingworth colliery where he worked to allow him to build a steam-powered machine. He built the
Blücher, one of the first successful flanged-wheel adhesion locomotives. Stephenson played a pivotal role in the
development and widespread adoption of steam locomotives. His designs improved on the work of the
pioneers. In 1825 he built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway, north east England, which
became the first public steam railway. In 1829 he built The Rocket which was entered in and won the Rainhill
Trials. This success led to Stephenson establishing his company as the pre-eminent builder of steam locomotives
used on railways in the United Kingdom, the United States and much of Europe.
[5]
The first intercity passenger
railway, Liverpool and Manchester Railway, opened in 1830, making exclusive use of steam power for both
passenger and freight trains.
Gasoline locomotives have been produced since the early 1900s.
In 1916 Simplex petrol locomotives with 20-40 hp motors and 4-wheel mechanical transmission began to be
used on 600mm gauge trench railways on the Western Front (World War I). One advantage of these machines
was that they could operate closer to the front line than steam locomotives, the relative lack of exhaust helping to
conceal their exact position.
Many were sold off as surplus at the end of hostilities, finding work on small industrial railways. Motor Rail
continued to manufacture and develop the design, alongside diesel engined variants.
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