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to keep an order in the study of chemistry and on the laboratory desk?
to understand the reasons for the failure of experiment?
to study the theory to understand the error in the experiment or the solution of
the task?
to follow the instructions on safety equipment strictly when doing experiments?
to draw chemical devices?
to learn about the working conditions in chemical factories?
to read books about the life of teenagers?
to clean the equipment of Chemistry classroom?
to consult a teacher if anything goes wrong in the experiment?
to choose chemical reagents before doing an experiment?
to find an explanation of natural phenomena?
to solve calculation tasks on Chemistry?
to draw, to understand the schemes?
to keep the daily routine strictly?
to listen to the answers of classmates at the lessons?
to wear protective clothing?
to do the duties of the chemist?
to compare the results of experiments, to look for the similarities and differences
in them?
to do mental work?
to compare the form and quality of industrial products?
to become familiar with the materials which
chemical devices are made of?
to do the work physically?
to clarify the essence of chemical phenomena, if you are asked?
to plan your actions?
Analysis of results: it is the same as in the previous test. The number of lines
means: 1- chemist, 2- laboratory researcher, 3- theorist, 4- technologist, operator, 5-
technician, designer, 6- worker, 7- Chemistry teacher , 8- organizer.
The conclusion is brought by 2-3 points with the highest estimates. More
evidently the same estimates mean that interests have not been decided yet.
In order to make sure in the correct selection of pupils it is necessary to set the
connection between interests towards Chemistry with inclinations of abilities in
Chemistry. This can be done using the following test for sensation and perception of
substance.
TEST 3. The sensation and perception of substance.
a) Gravitational sensations.
Pour 5 grams of sodium chloride and 5 grams of blue copper approximately.
Check precision of substances by weighing. The relative point is calculated according
to the formulas:
А/В*100 или 100-((А-В)/В*100) where А is an actual number, В –
is a predetermined number. The first formula is used if A is less than B and the
second is used if A is more than B. Evaluation points are added and divided into the
number of tasks. The success rate of the test is calculated in this way.
b) Visual estimate of weight.
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The researcher offers a testee the samples of well-known substances as sugar,
salt, flour, etc. Substances are in the same boxes or cups (don’t take it in your
hands!). Define the weight approximately. Make calculations according to the same
formulas.
c) Visual estimate of volume.
Pour 140 ml of tap water, 90 ml. of yellow solution of potassium dichromate, 70
ml. of green solution of nickel sulfate (II) into large conical flasks.
Three solutions as colourless, red and blue are halved (the result is calculated
according to the smaller of it). The precision is checked with a measuring cylinder.
The formulas are the same.
d) Linear eye estimation.
Draw a straight line with the length of 12.5 cm on a clean sheet of paper.
Draw angles of 65 and 115 degrees.
Draw a circle with a diameter of 5.5 cm.
Do measurements with a ruler and protractor. Calculations are the same.
e) Color vision and color perception.
The researcher prepares as follows: a) a set of 10 colour solutions (all colours of
the rainbow), b) the scales of coloured solutions of potassium permanganate and blue
copper. One should dilute 1% solution of two substances in tubes in this ratio:
Solution 10 8 6 5 4 2 1 0.5 0.1 0
Water 0 2 4 5 6 8 9 9.5 9.9 10
The tubes were placed in a random order.
Find a transitional color between blue and red.
Make a rainbow.
Put the tubes with the solution of potassium permanganate according to the
decrease of color intensity.
Put the tubes with the solution of blue copper according to the increase of color
intensity.
Task 1 has the following estimation: 100 points is correct, 0 points is incorrect.
Tasks 2, 3, 4 are estimated by the number of correctly placed tubes.
f) A sense of smell.
The researcher prepares two sets of colorless odoriferous substances: ethanol,
acetone, kerosene, ester, benzine, acetic acid, cologne, etc.; one set is with the name
of substance, the other is in the numbered flasks. Moreover, it is necessary to prepare
two scales of 10% solution of acetic acid and ammonia liquor according to the
scheme shown in a previous task.
Smell the known substances and then look for them by smelling in the numbered
bottles. Repeat the same with the other substance. 100 points is correct, 0 points is
incorrect.
Put the tubes with the solutions of acetic acid and ammonia liquor according to
the decrease of smell intensity. Estimate and calculation is the same.
g) Thermal sensation.
Determine the temperature of both tap water and the water heated on a stove by
touching it.
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How many degrees did the water temperature in the glass increase
approximately when few alkali granules were dissolved in it?
How many degrees did the water temperature in the glass decrease
approximately when a teaspoon of ammonium nitrate was dissolved in it?
Check it with a thermometer. The result is calculated using the same formulas.
Thus, test results are used by a teacher when developing the program of
individual extracurricular activity. It is also necessary to take into account the
conditions of Chemistry classroom and laboratory equipment, to study the structure
of output around the school. The themes of the lessons are developed after that.
We propose to conduct an individual extracurricular on Chemistry in the
following directions: practical (involves doing a chemical experiment, interesting
tests, creative work on design and modeling, making the necessary tables, layouts,
devices and guides for Chemistry classroom, research activities (the methods of
chemical analysis), synthesis of substances, etc.) and theoretical
(
includes the study of
theoretical issues and the History of Chemistry, the solution of complicated
calculative tasks with cross-curricular content, work with literature sources,
preparation and writing abstracts, essays, etc.).
After all the organizational part is completed pupils are offered to begin working
in the chosen direction.
During individual lessons pupils get individual tasks and teacher’s
recommendations on doing them and they work on them either at home or at school.
Individual extracurricular activities should not be ridden. All the work needs to
be controlled and taken into account.
Each work done by a pupil should be recorded in his notebook.
Reports, devices,
collections, schemes, etc. in addition to notebooks of pupils serve as a controlled
material which are made in the process of pupils’ individual work.
From time to time it is necessary to conduct such controlling lessons as:
generalizing seminars, creative reports, conferences. All the pupils engaged in
individual work participate and evaluate each other's work at such lessons. The
teacher consults and directs the work of children between these lessons.
The result of the whole work studied during the academic year can be an
exhibition of pupils’ work or publishing of the magazine that tells us about their
creative work in the process of individual extracurricular on Chemistry.
The teacher should take into account pupils’ age peculiarities. Pupils’ abilities
should be estimated carefully as it is easy to underestimate or overestimate their
abilities which may affect the individual lessons and even may lead to their failure.
Taking it into consideration we can recommend a teacher to study supplementary
psychological and pedagogical literature on this subject.
5) List of literature
1. Boyeva T. N., Korchagina V. V. The holiday devoted to Chemistry subject in
a rural school: a feast for the whole world // Chemistry at school.- 2005. -
№5.- p. 28.
1. Gusakov A. Kh. For teacher on Chemistry about extracurricular activities. -
M., Prosveschenie, 1981.
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