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stylistic characteristics of a political discourse that is one of the most actual directions of modern
linguistics of the text. The aim of this paper is to identify linguostylistic characteristics of the
translation of a political discourse. Before concentrating and considering the concept of "political
discourse" and sorting features of its translation, we have to consider the key term "discourse".
The concept of "discourse" can be considered in various sciences such as linguistics,
sociolinguistics, philosophy and psychology. We may take into account diverse definitions and
points of view of these sciences in order to develop your own definition and theory as still now
there is no exact definition of "discourse". From a position of a classical philosophy, the term
"discourse" was used to describe consecutive transition from one discrete step to another and
expansions of the thinking expressed in concepts and judgments [2, 37]. From a position of modern
French philosophy, the discourse represents special mentality and ideology which are expressed in
the text possessing connectivity and integrity and shipped in life [3, 103].
Definitions of "discourse" are rather ambiguous as first of all it is understood as the developed
language and speech design, for example, the speech or the text. A lot of linguists were deeply
engaged into the problem of discourse and text differentiation including Kubryakova Ye.S.,
Alexandrova O.V., Chernyavskaya V.Ye., T.van Dijk and others. Interest of domestic and foreign
linguists to the concepts: "discourse" and "text" amplifies more and more. According to some
authors these two terms are opposite to each other, according to others, they are synonyms.
Firstly, the theory of concepts differentiation "discourse" and "text" was entered by the Dutch
linguist T.van Dijk who mentioned both concepts in one of his works "Strategy of Coherent Text
Understanding". In accordance with the linguist Chernyavskaya V.Ye., "text" is speech in oral or
written form consisting of grammatically coherent sentences, while, "discourse" is the cognitive
process connected with thinking and creation of speech activity. Nevertheless, we cannot deny that
fact that "discourse" and "text" are closely interconnected with each other. This very opinion is
proved in the definition given by the Soviet linguist Arutyunova N.D. According to this linguist,
"Discourse is a coherent text in total with extralinguistic, pragmatical, sociocultural, psychological
and other factors, the text taken in conceptual aspect; the speech considered as purposeful social
action; the speech as the component participating in people's interaction and mechanisms of their
consciousness (cognitive processes)". Thus, we can draw a conclusion that "discourse" is the
written and oral text which is reproduced by certain people in particular social situations, taking
into consideration not only linguistic peculiarities of the text, but also psychological, cultural, social
and other factors where the text is reproduced.
For the first time, "discourse" was introduced in 1952 by the American scientist Z. Harris in
the scientific theory of text linguistics as the linguistic term in the phrase of "analysis of a
discourse". Z. Harris reflected the understanding of the phrase in the article, considering it as the
simple statement, and he called "discourse" as the difficult statement consisting of several phrases.
Thereby, "discourse" is urged to convey certain meaning, aimed at communicative action in special
language environment. Therefore, the term "discourse" demands the corresponding definition, for
example, "political discourse", "scientific discourse", "philosophical discourse".
“Political discourse” is one of the main types of "discourse". According to Soviet linguist
Sheygal E.I., the political world "covers a wide range of the phenomena: it includes political
communities of people, political subjects (agents), institutes and the organizations, standard
subsystems, traditions and rituals, methods of political activity, political culture and ideology,
media and so on. All elements of a political field are anyway mediated by “discourse”, they are
reflected in “discourse”, realized through “discourse” [4, 34]. The main sign of political texts is "a
reflection of activity of parties, other public organizations, public authorities, public and state
leaders and activists, the social and economic structure of society aimed at the development in it (in
a broad sense). A target sign of the political text – is that it influences on a political situation by
means of promotion of certain ideas, emotional impact on citizens of the country and their
motivation to political actions" [5, 67].
However before starting consideration of features of the translation of political texts, it would
be better to tell some words about adequacy of the translation.
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Adequacy of the translation, whether it is art or scientific, is always caused by knowledge of
"foreign" culture. The problem of relationship of language and culture traditionally joined in the
sphere of interests of linguists, and in recent years concept of “culture” gets more and more broad
interpretation. Historical, social and psychological features influence the translation of the political
discourse as the political discourse of each nation differs from each other. Each nationality has its
own vision of the world view and it is reflected in the sphere of politics.
Political discourse is characterized by the following linguistic features (signs): the cliche and
stock phrases are used in "political discourse" in order to cause the existing stereotypes in listeners'
consciousness, in order to make information squeezed, more available for understanding; the
axiological (estimated) lexicon is the peculiar feature of political discourse which focuses attention
and influences the reader's consciousness in "political discourse" [6, 15].
While translating political discourse, we may face with different problems; one of them is
translation of lexicon [7, 128]. There are some words or phraseological units in English which do
not have any equivalent in Russian. In English, there is a large number of lexical units which do not
have compliances in the Russian dictionaries. These units are transferred, however, by means of a
number of means:
1) Transliteration and transcription – is a method of ‘translating’ the text from one writing
system to another while keeping it in its original language. Transliteration gives the word from a
different language in letters that you can understand so as to be able to pronounce it.
For example:
Wall Street – Уолл Стрит;
Metropolitan — Метрополитен;
“Washington Post” - “Вашингтон Пост”;
“Gardian” - “Гардиан”;
Ways of transliteration and transcription are applied in transferring English proper names,
place names, names of the ships, planes, newspapers, magazines, firms, and also some neologisms
and so on.
For example:
"Queen Elisabeth" - "Куин Элизабет" корабль
Downing Street – Даунинг Стрит
Impeachment – импичмент
2) Calque or loan translation is another method using in political discourse translation. It is
a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root
translation. Calque means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its
components so as to create a new lexeme in the target language. It is translated literally word-for-
word.
For example:
“Shadow cabinet” – теневой кабинет;
White House – Белый дом
3) Method of description – this type of translation includes the full explanation of the English
word or phrase, in both cases:
a) when we cannot find the right equivalent of the English realia in Russian:
For example:
Maverich – государственный деятель (страна), занимающий (-щая) отличную от других
позицию;
b) some English words (phrases) have some peculiarities of compatability and it is difficult to
find the right equivalent in Russian using literal or word-for-word translation.
For example:
Negotiated settlement – оглашение, достигнутое в результате переговоров
Also, sometimes translator may face with such difficult task as translation of phraseological
units and free combinations, especially in the political sphere, which extremely seldom have direct
equivalents in Russian. While translating phraseological units, translator's task is to define, whether
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