Сборник текстов на казахском, русском, английском языках для формирования навыков по видам речевой деятельности обучающихся уровней среднего образования



жүктеу 18,66 Mb.
бет56/87
Дата20.02.2018
өлшемі18,66 Mb.
#10268
1   ...   52   53   54   55   56   57   58   59   ...   87
Ill ConstantlySniffing Giraffes.
Observations of the way that these elements react with water, acidsand steam enable us to put them into this series.
The tables show how the elements react with water and dilute acids:

Element


Reaction with water

Potassium

Violently

Sodium


Very quickly

Lithium


Quickly

Calcium


More slowly

Element


Reaction with dilute acids

Calcium


Very quickly

Magnesium

Quickly

Zinc


More slowly

Iron


More slowly than zinc

Copper


Very slowly

Silver


Barely reacts

Gold


Does not react


Note that aluminium can be difficult to place in the correct position in the reactivity series during these experiments. This is because its protective aluminium oxide layer makes it appear to be less reactive than it really is. When this layer is removed, the observations are more reliable.
Non-metals in the reactivity series
It is useful to place carbon and hydrogen into the reactivity series because these elements can be used to extract metals.
469

Here is the reactivity series including carbon and hydrogen:

Note that zinc and iron can be displaced from their oxides using carbon but not using hydrogen. However, copper can be extracted using carbon or hydrogen.


Chemical reactions: exothermic and endothermic reactions
We have explained that a chemical reaction will not occur until substances (reactants) receive enough energy (activation energy) to break chemical bonds. This allows atoms to redistribute themselves to form new bonds and thus form new substances (products). The activation energy needs to be thought of as a barrier to be overcome. If the bonds between the reactants are strong, greater activation energy is required to initiate a chemical reaction; if the bonds are weak, less activation energy is required.
In the first stage of a chemical reaction, the enthalpy of the reactants increases through some form of energy transfer. Therefore, the total energy of the reactants increases by the amount of the activation energies. At this point, bonds are broken. In the next stage, new bonds are made in the formation of the products. The total energy of the products (i.e. the sum of the enthalpies) may be greater than, or less than, that of the reactants. When the total energy of the products is less than that of the reactants, the chemical reaction is called an ‘exothermic reaction’, and when the total energy of the products is more than that of the reactants, the chemical reaction is called an ‘endothermic reaction’.
To be consistent with the law of conservation of energy, in an exothermic reaction, excess energy is transferred to the surrounding materials that do not take part in the reaction (the surrounding environment): the environment heats up.
In an endothermic reaction, energy is taken from the surrounding environment:

the environment (the surrounding substance) cools down.

The different types of chemical reaction are shown in Figure 1. Note that the total energy of the whole system (surrounding environment–reactants–products) remains constant before and after the reaction, whereas this is not true for the total energies of the reactants compared to the products.
Energy diagram for an exothermic reaction

470


Energy diagram for an endothermic reaction




A good example of an endothermic reaction is the use of an instant icepack. Instant icepacks can be used to treat minor burns as well as sporting injuries, such as sprains. A typical icepack contains the ionic compound ammonium nitrate salt (NH4NO3), which reacts with water. In solution (the ionic solid dissolved in water), the ionic bonds are broken, freeing up ammonium ions (NH4+ ) and nitrate ions (NO3


). During the reaction, energy is taken from the surrounding environment (for example, the ankle), thus cooling it down. The equation for the reaction is:
NH4NO3 water NH4+ + NO3

Many foods we eat undergo exothermic reactions and literally warm us up. Glucose (C6H12O6), a type of sugar found in many foods, reacts with oxygen (O2, in the air we breathe) to produce an exothermic reaction, with carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and water (H2O) as the products. The energy given off assists in the maintenance of a constant internal body temperature, which is important for many processes.


The equation for the reaction is:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O


It is important to note that, in this reaction, the reactants involve more than two molecules. Every molecule of glucose reacts with six molecules of oxygen. The reaction produces six molecules each of carbon dioxide and water. As an exercise, convince yourself of the law of conservation of atoms by determining that the total number of each type of atom is the same on each side of the chemical equation.
жүктеу 18,66 Mb.

Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
1   ...   52   53   54   55   56   57   58   59   ...   87




©g.engime.org 2024
әкімшілігінің қараңыз

    Басты бет
рсетілетін қызмет
халықаралық қаржы
Астана халықаралық
қызмет регламенті
бекіту туралы
туралы ережені
орталығы туралы
субсидиялау мемлекеттік
кеңес туралы
ніндегі кеңес
орталығын басқару
қаржы орталығын
қаржы орталығы
құрамын бекіту
неркәсіптік кешен
міндетті құпия
болуына ерікті
тексерілу мемлекеттік
медициналық тексерілу
құпия медициналық
ерікті анонимді
Бастауыш тәлім
қатысуға жолдамалар
қызметшілері арасындағы
академиялық демалыс
алушыларға академиялық
білім алушыларға
ұйымдарында білім
туралы хабарландыру
конкурс туралы
мемлекеттік қызметшілері
мемлекеттік әкімшілік
органдардың мемлекеттік
мемлекеттік органдардың
барлық мемлекеттік
арналған барлық
орналасуға арналған
лауазымына орналасуға
әкімшілік лауазымына
инфекцияның болуына
жәрдемдесудің белсенді
шараларына қатысуға
саласындағы дайындаушы
ленген қосылған
шегінде бюджетке
салығы шегінде
есептелген қосылған
ұйымдарға есептелген
дайындаушы ұйымдарға
кешен саласындағы
сомасын субсидиялау