Ғ. Н.Қисметова Ағылшын тілі грамматикасы

part of the profits as a return on the investment and period during which

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Grammar KZ (1)

part of the profits as a return on the investment and period during which
the capital was at risk.
Capital in this instance is simply the accumulation of previous suipluses on
previous business activities. In this way the past is used to finance the
future. The accumulation of capital is almost always deliberate, either on
the part of Individual citizens or on the part of the state. Even in non-
capitalistic societies a certain part of the surplus achieved in any enterprise
is ploughed back into the system in order to promote further growth.
When capital, labor and enterprise combine to make a new business
successful, the business must still continue to compete on the market with
other companies producing the same type of commodity. The term market,
used by economists, is a logical extension from the idea of place set aside
for buying and selling. Formerly, part of a town was kept as a marketplace,
and country people would come in on market-days to buy and sell. Market
today need not however be located in any fixed place: the sugar market and
the cotton market are not geographical locations, but simply sets of
conditions which permit buyers and sellers to work together.
In a free market, competition takes place among sellers in order to sell
their commodities at the best possible price and among buyers in order to
obtain what they want at a price which suits them. Such competition
influence prices. Changers in supply and demand have their effects, and it
is not surprising that considerable fluctuations in price can take place over
periods of weeks and months.
Since these modem markets are not normally located in any special
place, buyers and sellers do not always have to meet face-to-face. They
may communicate by letter, by cable, by telephone or through their agents.
In a perfect market, such communications are easy, buyers and sellers are
numerous, and competition is completely free. In a perfect market there
can be only one price for any given commodity: the lowest price which
sellers will accept. There are, however, no really perfect markets, because
each market is subjected to its own peculiar conditions. It can be said,
however, that the price ruling in a market indicates the point where supply
and demand meet.
Monopoly is one of the peculiar which can affect the sale and purchase
of certain commodities. In some markets, there may be only one seller or a
cartel of seller working very closely together to control prices. The result
of such monopolistic activity is to fix prices at a level suitable to the seller,
a level which may bring him artificially high profits. Many governments
dislike this procedure and have taken legal action to restrict or halt any
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business activities directed towards cornering the market. In the U.S anti
trust laws operate to limit cartels and mergers, while in Britain the
Monopolies Commission examines all special arrangements and mergers
referred to them by the Board of Trade which appear to operate against
the public interest.
This type of monopoly is not the only possibility, however. There are
three other forms: state, legal and natural. State monopolies are quite
common nowadays, where the authorities in a particular country control
industries like steel and transport or important and prestigious services like
national airlines. Legal monopolies are different, because the law permits
certain individuals to benefit from their special inventions, discoveries or
processes. No person may infringe their rights in respect to such
monopolies. Finally, natural monopoly arises where a nation or individual
possesses most of a particular mineral for reasons of geography and
geology. Canadian nickel and South African gold are two
well-known
examples of this kind of monopoly.

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