1. Translate these paragraph number 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 and 6 into English

1. Translate these paragraph number 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 and 6 into English
2. Finish these sentences:
1. FORTRAN is a high-level a) 
supporting 
UNIX 
operating 
language which is used for.... 
system;
b) commercial purposes;
c) 
Solving 
scientific 
and 
mathematical problems.
2. ALGOL is a high-level language a) be used for commercial purposes; 
which is intended to.... 
b) solve mathematical and scientific
problems;
c) Be used by students who require a 
simple 
language 
to 
begin 
programming.
3. COBOL is a high-level language a) 
to 
solve 
scientific 
and 
which is designed.... 
mathematical problems;
b) to 
be used for commercial 
purposes;
c) To support the UNIX operating 
system.
4. BASIC is a high-level language a) for solving scientific problems; 
which is used.... 
b) for commercial purposes;
c) By students who require a simple 
language to begin programming.
5. С is a high-level language which a) to support the UNIX operating 
is developed.... 
system;
b) to 
deal with mathematical 
problems;
c) For commercial purposes.
UNIT 4
How the First Computer Was Developed.
The first suggestion that a machine for mathematical computation 
could be built was made more than a hundred years ago by the 
mathematician Charles Babbage. We now realize that he 
u n d e r s t o o d
clearly all the fundamental principles of modem computers.
Babbage was born in Devonshire, England, 1792. He did not receive a 
good education, but he taught himself mathematics so well that when he 
went to Cambridge, he found that he knew more algebra than his tutor.
108

At that time mathematics in Cambridge was still under the influence of 
Newton and was quite unaffected by the contemporary developments on 
the continent.
Charles Babbage was outstanding among his contemporaries because 
he insisted on the practical application of science and mathematics. For 
example, he wrote widely on the economic advantages of mass production 
and on the development of machine tools.
In 1812 he was sitting in his room looking at a table of logarithms 
which he knees to be full of mistakes, when an idea occurred to computing 
all tabular functions by machinery. Babbage constructed a small working 
model which he demonstrated in 1822.
The Royal Society supported the project and Babbage was promised a 
subsidy.
In 1833 he began to think of building a machine which was in fact the 
first universal digital computer, as the expression is understood today.
Babbage devoted the rest of his life to an attempt to develop it. He had 
to finance all of the work himself and he was only able to finish part of the 
machine though he prepared thousands of detailed drawings from which it 
could be made.
Babbage wrote more than 80 books and papers, but he was 
misunderstood by his contemporaries and died a disappointed man in 1871.
He tried to solve by himself and with his own resources a series of 
problems which in the end required the united efforts of two generations of 
engineers.
After his death his son continued his work and built part of an 
arithmetic unit, which printed out its results directly on paper.

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