140
With this question type, the candidate must link items from the first column to items in the
second. This could be individual words, words and definitions, parts of sentences, pictures to words
etc. Whilst it is easy to mark, candidates can get the right answers without knowing the words, if
she has most of the answers correct she knows the last one left must be right. To avoid this, have
more words than is necessary[2, с.26].
Matching exercises are most often used to test vocabulary.
Cloze
Complete the text by adding a word to each gap.
This is the kind _____ test where a word _____ omitted from a passage every so
often. The candidate must _____ the gaps, usually the first two lines are without gaps.
This kind of task type is much more integrative as candidates have to process the components
of the language simultaneously. It has also been proved to be a good indicator of overall language
proficiency. The teacher must be careful about multiple correct answers and students may need
some practice of this type of task[2, с.27].
Cloze tests can be very effective for testing grammar, vocabulary and intensive reading.
True / False
In true-false type of tests pupils determine whether answers are correct or wrong. On the
special sheets of paper they write “W” (wrong) or “R” (right) opposite the number of appropriate
task. The priority of this type of test is in lightness of checking, but the conducting of the test do not
exclude the possibility for casual guessing what essentially decreases the objectivity
Decide if the statement is true or false.
England won the world cup in 1966 T/F
Here the candidate must decide if a statement is true or false. Again this type is easy to mark
but guessing can result in many correct answers. The best way to counteract this effect is to have a
lot of items[2, с.28].
This question type is mostly used to test listening and reading comprehension.
Open questions
Answer the questions.
Why did John steal the money?
Here the candidate must answer a simple questions after a reading or listening or as part of an
oral interview. It can be used to test anything. If the answer is open-ended it will be more difficult
and time consuming to mark and there may also be an element of subjectivity involved in judging
how 'complete' the answer is, but it may also be a more accurate test.
These question types are very useful for testing any of the four skills, but less useful for
testing grammar or vocabulary.
Error correction
Find the mistakes in the sentence and correct them.
Ipswich Town was the more better team on the night.
Errors must be found and corrected in a sentence or passage. It could be an extra word,
mistakes with verb forms, words missed etc. One problem with this question type is that some
errors can be corrected in more than one way[2, с.30].
Error correction is useful for testing grammar and vocabulary as well as readings and
listening.
There are of course many other elicitation techniques such as translation, essays, dictations,
ordering words/phrases into a sequence and sentence construction (He/go/school/yesterday).
It is important to ask yourself what exactly you are trying to test, which techniques suit this
purpose best and to bear in mind the drawbacks of each technique. Awareness of this will help you
to minimize the problems and produce a more effective.
In order to compile a good test it is necessary that the test should be valid, reliable, scorable,
economic and administrable. The first criterion is validity. If the test measures what it is intended to
measure, it is a valid test. If a test, for example, measures pronunciation and nothing else, it is a
valid test of pronunciation.
141
The second criterion is reliability. If a test yields the same results one day and the next, i.e. if
the results are not accidental but reveal some stability, it is a reliable test. If the test can be scored
with case so that the users are able to handle it, the test measures what economy is a practical
criterion [3с.126]. If the test measures what we want it to test in a reasonable time considering the
testing situation, it is an economical test. Testing time is precious time. We must test in one hour
what has been learned in a month or a year or several years. The test will be administered if any
teacher, not specially trained can handle the conduct of testing with ease and the latter does not
require complicated equipment.
The teacher tests the pupil’s command of the target language, that is, his ability to use it in its
two forms, oral and written. Therefore, the items of testing should fully correspond to the aims and
objectives. They are : 1) aural comprehension (listening); 2) speaking (monologue and dialogue) ,
3) reading (oral and silent) , 4) writing (words, sentences,dictations, written reproductions, etc.)
In our schools oral testing often takes the form of questioning the class or some individuals.
The manner in which each pupil reacts to the teacher’s questions shows his readiness for the lesson
and his achievement in learning some particular material. This often results in assigning marks to
several pupils. Since there are many items of testing as well as pupils in the class the teacher needs
special tests to measure his pupils’ achievement. At present the following tests are available:
teacher-made tests, ready-made tests (for example, in the Teacher’s Book), and standardized tests
(made by the Department of Education). Naturally, teacher-made tests are the best because teacher
knows the material his pupils have covered better than anyone else does, that is why he can
administer a test which will correspond to his pupils’ capacities. However, in administering tests he
should always keep in mind the items of testing, that is, the syllabus requirements for this particular
form. Some possible approaches to testing are described herewith[3, с.178].
Great number of tests involves skills in listening comprehension. These may be answering yes
any questions, choosing answers from multiple-choice items on cards distributed beforehand, etc.
They involve tests on spelling. The examples of them are the following tests on spelling of some
particular sound:
Pupils listen to the words:
heat-heat, heat-hit, chair-share.
Then they are to define whether couples of words are the same or different. The testing of
listening may be administered in two ways depending on pupils’ reaction to the material they hear.
A text is presented either by the teacher or on tape. Each pupil is given a set of picture (3-4) one of
which corresponds to the item that he hears. Pupil listens attentively to the text and identifies the
picture correctly by raising it (immediate testing) or by putting a mark (a number) in a special place
provided for it (delayed testing). A text is presented, preferably on tape. The class or each pupil is
given a definite task before invited to listen to the text. Pupils listen to the text and then they are
asked react to the material according to the given assignments[4,с.130].
Test checking oral comprehension of speech are to be held on more complicated language
material – sentences, dialogues, whole period. The sentence is read for pupils. And pupils are
warned that in the given below table of sentences they must find the sentence appropriate in
meaning read above.
Voice in record: Fred spent his childhood in France.
Written variants:
a) Fred used to work in France.
b) Fred lived in France as a boy.
c) Fred now has his home in France.
d) Fred has just returned from France.
The analogous test can be conducted as a dialogue.
The testing of speaking is the most difficult as the teacher will want to test pronunciation,
stress, sustained speaking, use of vocabulary and grammatical structures. The best way to measure
the achievements in speaking is by testing each pupil individually. But this is very time-consuming
and, although the teacher does his best to question as many pupils as he possibly can, he fails to
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |