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G.U. Аrenova
А.U. Ilyassova
Astana (Kazakhstan)
DEVELOPING OF CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS IN STUDENTS AT THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE LESSONS
Critical thinking was described by Richard W. Paul as a movement in two waves [1]. The
"first wave" of critical thinking is often referred to as a 'critical analysis' that is a clear, rational
thinking involving critique. Its details vary among those who define it. According to Barry K.
Beyer, critical thinking means making clear, reasoned judgments. During the process of critical
thinking, ideas should be reasoned, well thought out, and judged. The U.S. National Council for
Excellence in Critical Thinking defines critical thinking as the "intellectually disciplined process of
actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, or evaluating information
gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication,
as a guide to belief and action “[2].
In order for a society to thrive, its citizens must be able to make observations, analyze the
data gathered and make decisions. The businesses of our world rely upon their employees to think
critically about multiple tasks and to develop solutions that will further the goals of business. Even
our family and social circles function more effectively when input is adequately critiqued and
analyzed. Stability is enhanced under these optimal conditions. Howe further asserts that thinking
critically is essential for individuals to live, work, and function effectively in our society [1]. It is
important to distinguish between “critical” thinking, and thinking. The addition of this key term
implies that it goes beyond the normal, survival mode of neurological pathways. Critical thinking
skills are developed over time; they are not “natural” mechanisms for survival. Individuals may be
able to survive but will not prosper without critical thinking skills. The simple addition of the term
critical indicates going beyond simple thinking skills to foster further capabilities that allow persons
with this ability to progress beyond an average and flourish. This suggests that as teachers we must
help to develop critical thinking in our students. What is Critical Thinking? Learning occurs on
multiple levels. As we develop mentally, our learning skills progress from lower levels, such as
memorization, to higher levels, such as critical thinking. Critical thinking carries the need to
analyze, describe, model, and synthesize information. Many definitions have been set forth as to
how critical thinking should be defined. Steven Shafersman defines it as: correct thinking in the
pursuit of relevant and reliable knowledge about the world [2]. Ellis Ormrod defines it as:
evaluating information or arguments in terms of their accuracy and worth [2]. When defining
critical thinking it is necessary to consider the following concepts:
- content knowledge;
- procedural knowledge;
- metacognition .
Сontent knowledge refers to the body of knowledge and information that teachers teach and
that students are expected to learn in a given subject or content area, such as English language arts,
mathematics, science, or social studies. Content knowledge generally refers to the facts, concepts,
theories, and principles that are taught and learned in specific academic courses, rather than to
related skills – such as reading, writing, or researching.
Procedural knowledge, also known as imperative knowledge, is the knowledge exercised in
the performance of some task.
Metacognition refers to “thinking about thinking” and was introduced as a concept in by
John Flavell, who is typically seen as a founding scholar of the field. Flavell said that metacognition
is the knowledge you have of your own cognitive processes [1]. It is your ability to control your
thinking processes through various strategies, such as: organizing, monitoring, and adapting.
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Additionally, it is your ability to reflect upon the tasks or processes you undertake and to select and
utilize the appropriate strategies necessary in your intercultural interactions.
Metacognitive knowledge involves: (a) learning processes and your beliefs about how you
learn and how you think others learn, (b) the task of learning and how you process information, and
(c) the strategies you develop and when you will use them. Let us say you have to learn a new
language in 6 months. Here is how you would think about it, using metacognitive knowledge:
Learning Process: I am good at learning new languages and I think I can do this in
the time period I have been given.
Task of Learning: To complete this task, I will need to think about the following:
o
How soon can I get information to start learning the language?
o
How long will it take me to learn the language?
o
What information is available to me to learn this new language?
o
Is this language similar to a language I have learned before?
o
Will I be able to learn the language in time?
o
How hard will it be for me to learn this language?
o
What do I need to do to learn the language?
The ability of students to think critically is an essential life skill in the modern society.
Here is an example of developing critical thinking skills in students of the graduate course
during the lesson:
The theme of the lesson is “What is beauty?”
The first task you give students is to describe the buildings in the given photographs and
then discuss the following questions:
What is your reaction to the buildings in the photographs? Do you think they are
beautiful? Why? Why not?
What is your favorite building or monument?
Is it important to live in beautiful surroundings? Why? Why not?
The second task is to evaluate each of the buildings in the photographs. Rank the buildings
according to how beautiful you think they are:
1= the most beautiful, 5=the least beautiful.
The third task is to choose at least three monuments that you think represent important times
in your country’s development or are symbolic of your country. Describe each structure to your
partner, using the active vocabulary of the lesson and explain why it is of importance.
The fourth task is to listen to a conversation between a tutor and a student about a film
project and answer the question.
The fifth task is to make a film about a place you have visited and explain why you have
chosen that place.( This task should be given as homework).
Each of the above mentioned tasks involves gathering, analyzing, evaluating information
and making decisions.
Thus, one of the most important aspects of critical thinking is to decide what you are aiming
to achieve and then make a decision based on a range of possibilities. Once you have clarified that
aim for yourself you should use it as the starting point in all future situations requiring thought and,
possibly, further decision making. Where needed, make your classmates, family or those around
you aware of your intention to pursue this goal. You must then discipline yourself to keep on track
until changing circumstances mean you have to revisit the start of the decision making process.
The
more clearly we are aware of ourselves, our strengths and weaknesses, the more likely our critical
thinking will be productive.
Literature
1. htpp://www.wikipedia.org.
2. http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/defining-critical-thinking/766
3. Northedge A. The Good Study Guide, Open University Press, Buckingham, UK -2005.