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In the XI-XIII centuries Turkic words entered English through Old French language on which
spoke the England ruling part. British direct contacts with Turkic people began at the time of
crusades where English feudal lords and soldiers took part. From 1096 to 1270 eight crusades were
undertaken to Palestine for "release of a Lord's coffin". These extortionate, aggressive campaigns
had favorable consequences for European culture. In the West people began wash hands before
food, learned how to use knives and forks at table, began to bathe in hot baths, were accustomed to
change linen and outerwear. Europeans began to grow rice, buckwheat, lemons, apricots, water-
melons, to eat cane sugar. In Europe people learned how to produce silk fabrics and mirrors, they
also learned how to process metals. Turkic or as called them in the West – saratsina were the main
opponent whom crusaders had to face [9].
Europeans called Turkic tribes "Saracen" - a synonym to the word Kipchak, they called all
Muslims, including Arabs of Syria, Palestine and Egypt with the same word, and therefore the
majority of etymological dictionaries related the word Saracen to arabisms.
Many Turkic words came to English through Arab, Persian and the Indian languages. The
adoption of Indian words, among which there were some Turkic borrowings, became one of the
ways for the words of the Turkic origin to penetrate English. Additionally, several words of Turkic
origin penetrated English through East European languages like Russian and Polish. German, Latin,
Spanish, Italian, French, Hungarian and Serbo-Croatian were also intermediary languages for the
Turkic words to penetrate English, as well as containing numerous Turkic loanwords themselves.
Oguz tribes of Turkmens were the first Turkic peoples in Egypt and Syria, part of them settled
down in Spain at the Arab Caliphs. In the different ways and at different times since X century
Kipchak tribes arrived to Egypt. They gradually changed language situation. In 1250 sultan Aybek
became the head of state, during his reign kipchak language became state language in Egypt. As a
result in 1517 in Egypt literature in the kipchak and oguz languages was prosperous. This language
was very close to the Tatar language of Golden Horde time. Kipchaks influenced Arab literature,
vocabulary and grammar of the Arabic language in Egypt.
The Persian language also was under strong influence of Turkic languages, especially
vocabulary. A peculiar language situation has developed in Turkic and Persian states that existed in
the X-XVI centuries on the territory of Iran, Central Asia and India. At that time Arabic was the
language of science and religion, Persian was the language of literature and formal. Shahs and
sultans courts and army used mainly Turkic language. For centuries, most of the Turks who lived
in Iran and India has been assimilated by the Persians and Indians. So the Persian and Indian
languages have a lot of Turkic words. Except for the Azeris and Turkmens, a few tribes who lived
in isolation, for example, Khalaj, have kept their native Turkic language in Iran, Afghanistan,
Pakistan and India. The data in Turkic language dictionary of the Delhi Sultanate of XVI century,
compiled by Badr al-Din Ibrahim, show clearly the Kypchak nature of the language spoken in
northern India.
Therefore, the famous explorer Athanasii Nikitin, knowing Kypchak language - the language
of the Tatars, being on service of the Russian princes, freely lived at first in Iran, following Muslim
customs. Then he moved to India, where he called himself Khoja Yusuf Khorasani.
He had no particular need to learn local languages, as in the second half of the XV century
when Athanasii Nikitin was in Iran and India the Turkic language was understood everywhere.
Another way of penetration of Turkisms in English was borrowings of Indian words, where
the words of Turkic origin were found too. The first British trading posts were founded in India in
the XVI century. But the bulk of the Indian words entered the English language only in the XIX
century, at that time India became a colony of the British Empire.
Since 1579 Turkey and the UK have established friendly relations. A large number of English
merchants headed for Turkey. British trading colonies were created and the Anglican Churches
were built there. Being in Turkey the British described way of life, customs, material culture, social
and political structure of Turkey in detail in their letters, diaries and reports using the Turkic words
for describing culture-specific concepts.
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English writers actively used the Turkic words in their works on the Oriental theme.
Especially a lot of Turkisms were used by Christopher Marlow, Shakespeare, Byron, Scott.
Turkisms entered English not only from the Turkic language. The British were trying to use
the Volga trade route to enter India through Iran in the 1558-1559, which belonged to Moscow
State. English merchant Anthony Jenkinson with assistants Richard and Robert Johnson and Tatar-
interpreter provided with certificates of Ivan IV in 1558 went down the Volga. They visited Kazan,
Astrakhan, the peninsula Mangyshlak, Baku, Bukhara and Samarkand. After Jenkinson’s visit the
Volga region was visited by many English travelers. In 1601, Sir Anthony Sherley with the assistant
William Paris traveled on the Caspian Sea. In 1625 he published his impressions of the trip.
Thomas Atkinson, who visited Kazakhstan, published his book about travel in 1858. British
spies penetrated Central Asia in the XIX century. So, in 1824 Captain Conolly and Col. Stotgardt
were executed in Kokand, disguised as Muslims from India. In the beginning of twentieth century
almost all copper, polymetallic, coal mines in Kazakhstan belonged British capitalists. There
worked many British skilled workers and engineers. Diaries, reports, letters of British people who
visited the Volga region, Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Siberia contain a large number of the
Turkisms. This Turkisms reflected concepts and the realities earlier unknown and there were no
equivalents in English.
The majority of the Turkisms which entered English till the XIX century has already gone out
of use. The rest are used generally at the description of flora, fauna, life, customs, political life and
the administrative-territorial device of the Turkic region.
In the nineteenth century, Turkic loanwords, generally of Turkish origin, began to penetrate
not only through the writings of the travelers, diplomats and merchants, and through the
ethnographical and historical works, but also through the press. In 1847, there were two English-
language newspapers in Istanbul - The Levant Herald and The Levant Times, seven newspapers in
French, one in German and 37 in Turkish. Turkish contributed the largest share of the Turkic loans,
which penetrated into the English directly. This can be explained by the fact that Turkey had the
most intensive and wide connections with England. Nevertheless, there are many Turkic loans in
English, which were borrowed by its contacts with other peoples - Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Uzbeks,
Kazakhs and Kirghiz.
However there are many Turkic loans relating to common frequency lexicon. Some Turkism,
for example, bosh, caviare, coach, horde, jackal, kiosk and others, get new meanings.
Most of the Turkic loans in English carry exotic or ethnographical connotations. They do not
have equivalents in English, do not have synonymic relations with primordial words, and generally
are used to describe the fauna, flora, life customs, political and social life, and an administrative-
territorial structure of Turkic regions. But there are many Turkic loans, which are still part of the
frequently used vocabulary. Some Turkic loans have acquired new meanings, unrelated to their
etymology.
To conclude, the words of the Turkic origin began penetrating English as early as the Middle
Ages, the Turkic loanwords found their way into English through other languages, most frequently
through French. Since the 16c, beginning from the time of the establishment of the direct contacts
between England and Turkey, and Russia, in English appeared new direct borrowings from Turkic
languages. German, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, French, Arabic, Armenian, Afrikaans,
Hungarian, Yiddish, Indian, Spanish, Italian, Latin, Malayan, to a different extent, took part in the
process of the transfer of the Turkic words into English. The main language from which the
borrowings were made, was Turkish.
Turkic proper names of such terrible conquerors as Attila nicknamed the Scourge of God ,
Gengis Khan, Baber, Tamerlane became common nouns. The same happened with ethnonyms hun,
saracen, Tartar, Turk. British people call the obstinate, stubborn boy as young Tartar, - "Tatar boy".
"To meet stronger opponent" in English sounds as to catch a Tartar, i.e. "to run into the Tatar"[10]
So it is possible to draw a conclusion that in English there are a lot of loan words which
entered English language in different ways. New words were the result of different states
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