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UDC 81’276.5:811.111
Zh.M. Kakulya, E.V. Nesterik
Karaganda State University named after E. A. Buketov
Karaganda, Kazakhstan.
jannakakulya@mail.ru
COGNITIVE FACTORS OF NEW MEDICAL TERMS EMERGENCE
In this article we will consider cognitive factors of the new medical term emergence on the
basis of subject domains 'AIDS' and 'Diabetes'. The choice of these diseases is not casual. Diabetes
is an ancient disease but its terminology is constantly updated. AIDS is a disease of the XX century
therefore its terminology is still being formed. The material for this article is based on the terms
expressing medical concepts within the modern period of the development of the Russian and
English languages. In continuous selection there were fixed more than 2000 neologic medical terms
of the above-named areas of medicine. Experimental material included entries of various
specialized medical dictionaries and scientific articles on medicine in the Russian and English
languages. Learning new objects of reality in the course of cognitive activity or opening new sides,
signs and properties of the learned earlier, a person "as an interpreter of the results of cogitative
reflection of reality and the center of linguistic semiosis" [2] seeks to fix the results of knowledge in
a new term.
Keywords: concept, term, neologism, AIDS, cognitive pragmatic, cognitive semiological,
linguistic semiosis, cognitive factors.
Medicine, being the most ancient area of human activity, has terminology that is already
developed. Nevertheless, a number of special medical terms increases, there are a lot of new
scientific concepts and terms, a lot of old terms undergo these or those changes. It is impossible to
establish the stocks of the medical language as it is extremely difficult to define with sufficient
clearness the borders of its areas, sections, subsections, not to mention fields of knowledge that
have the boundaries with medicine (for example, ecology). Annually the arsenal of medical
vocabulary is replenished with hundreds of new notions. At this one of the main sources of new
Russian terms is English-speaking medical literature since more than 75 % of medical information
are published in English. Globalization in a lot of respects provided to the English-speaking term
sphere the role of the terminological matrix of science of the XXI century. After T.N. Astafurova
we refer to the factors of expanding the English-speaking term sphere:
a) need for the name of a new phenomenon and differentiation of substantially close concepts;
b) need for specializing concepts;
c) the tendency to designate an object not with a combination of words but "on the whole";
d) perception of a foreign-language word as more prestigious, scientific, beautifully sounding;
e) limitation of inflectional and word-formation means of English, abundance of mononuclear
language elements, simplicity and free reproducibility of descriptive models, the creative potential
of the English-speaking term sphere operated by national languages in global scale [1]. Therefore
consideration of features of the Russian terminology is impossible without its comparison to the
English terminology, especially medical.
In this article we will consider cognitive factors of the new medical term emergence on the
basis of subject domains 'AIDS' and 'Diabetes'. The choice of these diseases is not casual. Diabetes
is an ancient disease but its terminology is constantly updated. AIDS is a disease of the XX century
therefore its terminology is still being formed. The material for this article is based on the terms
expressing medical concepts within the modern period of the development of the Russian and
English languages. In continuous selection there were fixed more than 2000 neologic medical terms
of the above-named areas of medicine. Experimental material included entries of various
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specialized medical dictionaries and scientific articles on medicine in the Russian and English
languages. Learning new objects of reality in the course of cognitive activity or opening new sides,
signs and properties of the learned earlier, a person "as an interpreter of the results of cogitative
reflection of reality and the center of linguistic semiosis" [2] seeks to fix the results of knowledge in
a new term. In this regard there becomes topical studying how a person perceives and
conceptualizes something new in the reality surrounding us, what factors of an objective and
subjective order lead to updating the picture of the world. New medical terms are met in patent
literature and publications, for example; HIV inhibitor, telediagnosing, vibroillness.
The process of neologisms emergence is caused by a number of cognitive factors. We refer to
their number the emergence in the course of cognition of new concepts reality and their expression
by language means: specification, reconsideration and profound knowledge of fragments of a
conceptual picture of the world which are already recorded by public consciousness; cognitive and
pragmatic factors. Studying these factors predetermining generation of a new word makes the
subject of this article. Cognitive incentives of a new word emergence were for the first time defined
by Yu.S. Stepanov. According to the scientist, there are originally flickering concepts which need to
be brought under a certain category. It happens by means of verbalization. Generation of a new term
happens when a person feels need. A new term emergence is the result of fight of two tendencies:
the tendency of the language development and the tendency of its preservation. It is caused by that
in "the language there is a quite strong tendency to remain in the condition of communicative
suitability" [3]. However in order to reflect more adequately, to reproduce and consolidate new
concepts, ideas, the language and vocabulary are compelled to be reconstructed, differentiated, to
generate new units. At this the emergence of a new word is not always caused by new needs of the
society for a new designation. I.V. Motchenko notes that the emergence of new terms in medical
terminology is the result of new associations [4]. For example, the term 'a physician' in English
designating 'a doctor', in total with the term element 'tele-' ('a telephysician') accepts the meaning of
'a videoclip for using medical information for training and improving medical workers'
qualification’. A new term arises in the course of elimination of the imbalance between
communicative and pragmatic needs of a person for his discourse activity and nominative and
representative opportunities of the language. The contradiction is eliminated by the emergence of a
new term by means of word formation, borrowing, semantic reconsideration. For example, in
Russian there got accustomed the term 'подиатр' (podiatrician) which was designated by definition
'a doctor working with diabetic foot'.
The term forming mechanism of neologisation is used in the process of: a) developing new
terms for names of new realities (teleworkstation); b) emergence of new terms by abbreviation
(AIDS, HIV); c) productions of new terms by means of derivatives (insulin, insulinization, insulin
therapy); d) developing new derivative terms for expression of the speaker’s estimated and
expressional relation to what is called; e) formation of a univerb (glucometer). Term forming is that
link in the language neologisation which is responsible for the formation of nominees designating
elements of the person’s external and internal world. Alongside with this the expansion of the
neologic space, cognitive-communicative need for increasing the nominative means caused
intensification of lexical borrowing (insulin resistance, glucosuria, ketonuria, proteinuria,
creatinine neuropathy, nephropathy), the development of derivational potential of borrowings was
promoted in the modern language (hypoglycemia, syringe-pen, laser photocoagulation,
hyperinsulinic), to their active functioning in various thematic spheres of 'AIDS' and 'Diabetes'
sublanguages of medicine (glucoreceptor, glucotest, endocrinologist, podiatrician, self-testing, self-
monitoring, AIDS sufferer).
The AIDS disease brought to life a nominative explosion at the periphery of the lexical
system, for example: immune destruction means destruction of the immune system; AIDS-defining
illnesses; HIV–1,2; needles containing HIV-infected blood means needles containing the blood
infected with HIV-infection; an infected individual – an infected patient.
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