THE RELATION TO KURDS IN THE RESIDING COUNTRIES (NEAR EAST, CIS)
Мақалада
Таяу
ы ыс
елдер н ң
—
Т ркия
,
Иран
,
Ирак
,
Сирия
ж не
осткеңест к
мемлекеттер
—
Армения
,
ер айжан
ж не
ру ияның
к рдтер
м селес не
айланысты
ұстанымдары
:
екаралық
даулы
ж не
аталмы
мемлекеттер
территориясында
к рдтерд ң
орналасуы
м селелер
жан
-
жақты
қарастырыл ан
.
статье
рассматрива тся
отно ения
и
о иции
отдельных
стран
Ближнего
остока
—
Турции
,
Ирана
,
Ирака
,
Сирии
,
а
также
остсоветских
государств
—
Армении
,
А ер айджа
-
на
,
ру ии
к
курдской
ро леме
:
ограни ные
с оры
,
а
также
ро лемы
расселения
курдского
народа
на
территории
данных
государств
.
Turkey
In Turkey Kurds are deprived the elementary rights of national minorities since Ataturk period. The
ideological concept of Turkey consists in creation of a monoethnic society; therefore there are no precondi-
tions for development of culture, language, traditions of national minorities.
Zone of the most purposeful and rigid actions of Kurds are the territory of Turkey. Begun 13 years ago
as revolt of small group of people, the present armed performances of Kurds, administrated by PRK, have
reached real war scales. For last months they have extended with former ten on twenty southeast provinces
(vilayets) of the country. All this time Turkish government compelled to keep a mode of state of emergency
in East Anatoly.
Taking into account negative sides of internal conditions in the country, and also under the influence of
international legal, parliamentary and public organizations in the top echelons of the Turkish authorities and
in a Turkish society as a whole the understanding of necessity of a recognition of Kurds as people gradually
grows ripe. Offered by the former president of Turkey T.Ozalom the idea of a Kurdish autonomy finds the
increasing support.
Even during preparation for war against Iraq, Ankara has stipulated the support of actions of the USA
by an indispensable condition — not to admit creation of the Kurdish state in the north of Iraq. Washington,
most likely, promised it to it. Nevertheless, danger remained rather real. In any case, change of a situation in
Northern Iraq inspired Kurdish insurgents in Turkey. That is why in the early nineties after long with firm-
ness an uncooperative altitude to Kurdish movement Ankara began to do attempts structurally to approach to
consideration of the problems connected with it.
It is necessary to notice that to «the new Kurdish policy» Ankara has forced to pass the severe validity.
Change of a situation in Northern Iraq sharply made active the Iraq Kurds which movement has accepted
character of revolt. The newspaper «Milliet» in October, 1991 wrote that from Northern Iraq to Turkey has
passed to 500 thousand Kurds which have supplied insurgents of the Workers' party of Kurdistan (WPK) with a
weapon considerable quantity. Insurgents, the newspaper complained, have now artillery, including antiaircraft
guns and rockets, they develop fighting operations even in big cities. In such situation by force of arms a prob-
lem not to solve, «it is necessary to operate in a complex — political, social, economic methods» [1].
But already approximately by 1993 some toughening was outlined in a position of the Turkish authori-
ties. At the height of the discussion developed among the public about ways of the decision of a Kurdish
question (including on the basis of an autonomy, federation etc.) Prime minister S.Demirel has made the
statement that «conversations on federation are erroneous». Turkey, he has underlined, the unitary state, uni-
form and indivisible, with an official language — Turkish. Recognizing an inaccuracy of a former official
rate on «assimilation of Kurds at any cost», S.Demirel, at the same time, has declared that though it is neces-
sary to admit the fact of an ethnic generality of Kurds, under the constitution still all citizens of Turkey —
Turks. As to «terrorists» from WPK the government will not go on any political contacts to them and de-
mands their capitulation. Then (spring of 1993) the representative of the constitutional commission medjlis
professor Shener Akjol has declared that support of idea of federation — the constitutional crime for, on
constitutions, unitary character of the state is not subject to discussion.
In the end of 1995 Tansu Chiller who has replaced S.Demirelja on posts of the party leader of a right
way and the prime minister of the coalition government in connection with election of the last as spring of
1993 with a post of the president, has confirmed again a hard line of the government concerning Kurdish
«separatists», having specified that no negotiations with them should be [2, 30].
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It is possible to explain such turn by several factors. By 1993 conditions in Iraq were a little stabilized.
In Turkish Kurdistan WPK has achieved some successes in war against insurgents WPK. At last, probably,
negative influence on a Turkish management has rendered development of centrifugal tendencies in the Rus-
sian Federation. One of known Turkish political analysts wrote, meaning this aspect that new Russia — an
example to which nobody will wish to imitate.
Nevertheless, statements of a Turkish management at all did not mean full refusal of «the new Kurdish
policy». Its some essential elements, such as refusal of confrontation with all Kurdish movement, the differ-
entiated approach to it, searches of the compromise with its some groups and simultaneously isolation of the
most dangerous to Turkey WPK remained.
In 1991 at the initiative of president T.Ozala Ankara has made the first steps in search of contacts to the
Kurdish organizations in Iraq. Then communications with the Patriotic union of Kurdistan (PUK), have been
established by headed Dzheljal Talabani. By 1993 they became not so strong as they were and in 1995, when
Talabani has declared that considers WPK as political, instead of the terrorist organization, they have been
almost frozen. Simultaneously the Turkish management has come into contacts and to other large Kurdish
organization — Democratic party of Kurdistan (DPK) led by Masud Barzani. This last as it was marked in
the Turkish press, has shown even the big propensity to negotiations with the Turkish authorities, rather than
PUK [3, 84].
Turkey, for the reasons stated above, has shown the big interest in definition of the further destiny of
the Iraq Kurdistan, advancing idea of a Kurdish autonomy within the limits of Iraq. This position in many
respects coincided with the view sight of group of M.Barzani who has supported an autonomy and even car-
ried on about it negotiations with Bagdad. As to group of Talabani it was in the beginning a supporter of
ideas of «independent Kurdistan», and since 1992 began to support federation as a part of Iraq. Therefore for
Ankara contacts with DPK were more encouraging in 90th years. As a whole, as it was marked in the Turk-
ish press, the country leaders with a view of isolation WPK gave from time to time essential support both
DPK, and PUK. As a result was outlined some kind of cooperation of Turkey with both specified groups, as
though directed against WPK.
The situation has changed in 1994 when rivalry between DPK and DPK, passed in armed conflicts
which in the end of 1996 have accepted character of large-scale fights with application of artillery and tanks
has flashed.
Though some political observers believed and believe that M.Barzani's grouping is the strongest, fights
between it and PUK went in 1996 with the variable success, many settlements in Northern Iraq on some
times passed from hand to hand. During military operations there was a situation characterized by strength-
ening of contacts between group of M.Barzani and a mode in Bagdad. According to some information, last
helped group the weapon, including heavy. In turn, group of Talabani, ostensibly, gravitates to Iran and gets
from it support. Such situation is fraught with the increasing retraction of the authorities of Iraq and Iran in
the conflict between DPK and PUK that can lead to military operations between two countries.
In September, 1996 in Ankara negotiations of the head of the Turkish government of N.Erbakan of that
time with the Iraq delegation headed by representative S.Hussein Jusuf Hammadi have taken place. The par-
ties have discussed possible variants of ways of an establishment of the world in Southern Kurdistan as the
area which is undoubtedly under jurisdiction of Bagdad, and also possible measures of a Turkish side on
struggle with WPK [2, 31].
On termination of N.Erbakan's negotiations has declared that they have led to success in achievement of
overall objectives of its government — to a restoration of peace and calm nesses in Northern Iraq and to
opening of an oil pipeline Kirkuk — Jumurtalyk. Simultaneously the press has informed that there are possi-
bilities for signing by the Turkish authorities of the agreement from M.Barzani — «ally» of the Iraq man-
agement. The agreement purpose — to counteract operations WPK in Turkey.
Here it is necessary to remind of existence of one more «character» — the USA which as a result of war
in the Gulf have even more deeply got into region affairs. Heads of this country as the Turkish press marked,
tell about aspiration to provide in region calmness, and operate so that undermine it, and then come for put-
ting in order. They also have applied such tactics to relations both between Turkey and Iraq, and to Kurds.
And still Turkey should consider a position of the USA on regional questions. Outwardly here the USA
and Turkey in many respects operate synchronously. The United States declare the interest to stop conflict-
ing Kurdish groupings — DPK and PUK and even will organize by means of Turkey negotiations between
them, incurring a role of the intermediary.
However here, as they say, there are nuances. For Washington modes both in Iraq, and in Iran are
equally hated. And for Turkey these countries — neighbors, its national interests dictate it necessity of resto-
ration of good-neighborhood trade and economic relations with Iraq. The USA, reconciling and uniting DPK
242
and PUK, wish to oppose this force to a mode in Bagdad, to approach it to Turkey. Last wishes them to rec-
oncile more densely to incorporate in the Iraq state frameworks and to oppose to insurgents PUK who remain
the main enemy of Ankara.
Turkish chauvinism consists not only in official non-recognition of a problem of Kurds and Kurdistan,
but also in prohibition of departure of traditional ceremonies and customs. Many name a policy of Turkey
concerning Kurds simple, but a terrible word for all civilized mankind «ethnic cleanings». It is strange, for
what judge Milosevic and Hussein, for some reason escapes punishment to the Turkish government. … an
economic level of a life of the population in areas of residing of Kurds in 4–5 times below the average level,
the share of the unemployed is high, in some settlements there are no elementary conveniences. The eco-
nomic policy of Turkey has no priorities for development of lagging behind areas of the country where lives
basically the Kurdish population [1].
In February, 1999 Turkish special services had been arrested the charismatic leader of the Workers'
party of Kurdistan (WPK) Abdulla Ogalan. At the moment its figure became a change in the speculative auc-
tion a Turk with Euro Parliament. Besides taking concessions on the Cyprian problem, on settlement of mu-
tual relations with Greece Ankara, knowing the quivering relation of Europeans to observance of human
rights, it is transparent has hinted that in case of the next refusal in the introduction into EU they execute
Ogalan.
Iran
In Iran Kurds also are deprived the right of national self-determination. Leaders and active workers of
the Kurdish oppositional organizations are pursued not only on territory of the country, but also behind its
limits. For example, murders of the leader of Democratic party of the Iranian Kurdistan have been made by
Abdurahman Kasemlo during official negotiations in Vienna in 1989 and successor Sharafa which has re-
placed it of Kandy in Berlin in 1994. According to dogmatic Islamic concepts, in a Muslim society there can
not be national distinctions, therefore the political rights of Kurds at a current situation cannot be realized in
Iran. Aspiring to suppress activity of own Kurdish opposition, the Iranian authorities make efforts for preser-
vation of certain balance of forces in region not to allow any country to achieve advantages in ethnographic
Kurdistan. Iran opposes any changes in political geography of region though is not inclined to interfere with
existence of «the released zone» in the Iranian Kurdistan as convenient base for counteraction to Iraq and
amplifying American influence in region. Despite existing friction, the government of Iran participates in
periodic meetings with heads of Turkey and Syria for coordination and the coordination of positions and
joint efforts on a Kurdish question, basically not to admit a partition of Iran.
After wreck of shakh power a mode became more active in the basic two national political organiza-
tions. It is Democratic party of Iranian Kurdistan (DPIK) which was headed those years by known political
figure Abdurrahman Kasemlu (1930–1989), and also left «the Revolutionary organization of workers of
Kurdistan» (
К
omala). Besides, in the northwest of Iran other forces oppositional to an Islamic mode which to
some extent incorporated Kurds functioned also [2, 32].
Iraq
Not the best fate has comprehended ethnic Kurds and in Iraq. Traditional areas of residing of Kurds —
in the north of the country. Here influence of Bagdad is the least appreciable. However it did not prevent to
carry out to the government of Iraq to the policy here a violent Arabization and deportation from areas of
traditional residing for the purpose of change of national structure in these regions. The most notable
achievements in national struggle of Kurds take place in the Iraq Kurdistan. In Iraq the autonomy of Kurds is
officially proclaimed, and it is fixed in the constitution. After a failure of the Kuwait adventure of S.Hussein
who has come to the end in February, 1991 with serious defeat of the Iraq army, there were temporarily fa-
vorable conditions for carrying out under cover of the West of free, democratic elections on character in
Kurdish national parliament (basically of representatives DPK and PUK) and government formations in Er-
bile. It became actually the formation beginning in territory of Iraq of independent Kurdish state formation.
In coordination with the United Nations and Bagdad, the Kurdish autonomy occupies mainly territory of the
Kurdish independent area formed in 1974.
The Kurdish region has inherited completely destroyed economy though also the economy of all Iraq
was actually in a similar condition. According to the head of humanitarian mission of the United Nations
which have visited the country in March, 1991, that is right after the ends of war in the Gulf, «for a certain
time Iraq has appeared rejected in preindustrial an epoch» [2, 32].
Disorder of economy of Kurdish region became result not only wars in the Gulf and the revolt which
have followed its termination of Kurds and Shiits of Iraq in March-April, 1991, but also eight-year war with
Iran. The long-term armed struggle of Kurds should be reflected in state of the economy for the national
rights and the real autonomy, developed still in the early sixties.
243
«Free Kurdistan» is the self-proclaimed national education within the limits of the Iraq Republic — has
begun the existence in the extremely difficult political and economic conditions. During suppression of
movement of Kurds for national self-determination and during war with Iran the Iraq armies have destroyed
in 80th years over four thousand cities and settlements, several thousand Kurds have been killed, ten thou-
sand are moved in other areas of the country, not including those who ran to the next Turkey, Iran or in other
states. Since second half 70th years for simplification of struggle with Kurdish peshmerga (fighters) the army
has cut down a considerable quantity of trees in large forests of the north of Iraq. Many water sources which
are giving rise to streams and the rivers, have been sealed up by ferro-concrete plates. During the Iran-Iraqi
war of 1980–1988 in all territory of the Iraq Kurdistan it is established over 20 million in mines. They were
put, mainly, nearby from border with Iran [2, 33].
These mines are considered as one of the main obstacles in a way of returning of Kurdish settlements to
a normal life. Dangerous land mines became a cause of death of several thousand local residents and physi-
cal inabilities of tens thousand able-bodied people. Because of mines in region it is not processed over half of
arable lands, the animal industries do not develop almost. By means of the international organizations, for
example the British charitable organization «the Consultative group on mine business», it is neutralised one
and a half million in minute Low rates of works on mine clearing of territory of Northern Iraq speak absence
at the Kurdish authorities of the modern equipment and cards, minefields.
Syria
The two-million population of Kurds in Syria also feels on itself pressure of a national policy of dis-
crimination: half of Syrian Kurds have even no citizenship though were born and live in territory of Syria all
life. Such people are called as «foreigners».
Arabi-Kurdish cooperation in Syria lasted not for long. With coming to power of ultranationalist Ara-
bian party Baas in 1963 the period of discrimination of Kurds in many spheres of a life has begun. The pro-
gram of Baas formed in 1943, ignored the rights of the Kurdish people, called for violent assimilation of
Kurds and an Arabization of their territory.
Perhaps, it also has served one of the most serious reasons
which have induced Kurds to begin organized national-liberation struggle. In 1957 the Kurdish Democratic
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