CUL8R - See you later
Formula “C + U + Leight + R = see + you + later” ( By the way, how are you with
math?), in Russian: "I'll see you later." See you later = I'll see you later.
TTYL - talk to you later
"Let's talk later". Talk to you later = I'll talk to you later.
LY=”I love you”
"Love you". And that's it.
XOXO - Hugs and Kisses
And at the end of this article left to say: B4N, which means: Bye for now! See you again!
ASAP - as soon as possible
Perhaps you already know this reduction: it is often used in a production environment for
writing reminders (memos). This means as soon as possible (or "the sooner, the better"). This is a
very popular and understandable acronym for all.
PLS, PLZ - Please
The main "magic" word – " Please".
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IOU - I owe you
Another common and very useful shortcut. We read in the letters: I [ʌɪ] + O [əʊ] + U
[juː]. What does it remind us? Likewise the phrase sounds I owe you ( «I owe you (a)") - your
interlocutor to thank you for your courtesy and promise to respond in kind.
THX - Thanks
And now - "thank you". And it is also abbreviated.
LOL - Laugh out loud!
"Loud laughing!" - Your counterpart is ridiculous in the extreme. Laugh out loud = I
laugh out loud.
OMG - Oh my god! Oh my goodness! Oh my gosh!
Young impressionable girls often exclaim as: OMG! It's Justin Bieber! ("My God! It's
Justin Bieber!")
BRB - Be right back
If you need absent for a short time during work, then type the BRB quickly - and you can
escape. But not for long: in fact, you were warned that you immediately return! Be right back =
I'll be right back.
B2W - Back to work
And now you're back in the workplace and report it to the interlocutor. Back to work =
I'm back to work.
And the interlocutor wants to ask you a question:
? 4U - Question for you
Question for you = I have a question for you.
And you can answer, by starting response with a winged expression "in my humble
opinion":
IMHO - In my humble opinion
Or, if you do not know the answer, write:
IDK - I do not know
If interlocutor - your old friend and you want a little fooled around, fit is not quite
censorship, but rather popular answer:
Nowadays, Internet slang highly widespread and constantly changes (as opposed to
spoken language). On the Internet you just meet them everywhere. However, these reductions
can be confusing for many people.
For example, the KISS (English keep it simple, stupid -. Literally - "do it easier, stupid"
or a more polite version of the English keep it short and simple -. «Do shorter and easier," or
keep it stupid simple «do a heck of a simple").
I think that language becomes too stupid because of internet slangs. People who come to
USA or UK can’t understand what you mean. For me it’s too modern.
according to a British researches students and pupils write their home works and essay
with acronyms and slangs.
And what I want to say with it?
I want to say that everything has two sides. Of course you consider that it’s very easy,
fast and comfortable, BUT how long it can continue?
English is a language of Shakespeare, world literature, international communication,
education and technology, and etc.
Although research showed that "network language" is used the majority of users are
teenagers, including the students, I believe that this slang going out of style, but do not
disappear. I think that illiteracy in today's information society should still be recognized as a
vice, and to write and speak correctly, must be considered as prestigious.
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УДК 621.391.8
Тугельбаева А.Н.
– преподаватель, Казахская академия транспорта и
коммуникаций им. М.Тынышпаева (г. Алматы, Казахстан)
Базилова Г.
– студент, Казахская академия транспорта и коммуникаций
им. М.Тынышпаева (г. Алматы, Казахстан)
MODERN SYSTEMS ON THE RAILWAY OF KAZAKHSTAN
We will begin with railroad stories in Kazakhstan.The first opening of railways trunk in
Kazakhstan took place 25th October 1894-after the construction of narrow-gauge line
"Pokrovskaya svoboda" (now days city Engels, Saratov region) - Uralsk. 130 km of this railway
have passed on territory of present Kazakhstan. 4 years later another narrow-gauge line was
opened Urbah-Astrahan', 77 km which also was constructed over the Kazakhstan steppes.
For developing North region of Kazakhstan big value was the construction in 1891-1896 of
Tran Siberian highways railroad, in particular, construction of 190 km over Kazakh territory.
This road has played a huge role in economical and cultural rapprochement of Kazakh and
Russian people.
During 1901-1906 was constructed Orenburgsko-Tashkenskaya railroad which connected
Central Asia with Main Russia and the total length of rail truck 1660 km through Kazakhstan. In
1914-1917 was build Semirechinskaya truck between Artys -Pishpek-and early part of Turksib,
in 1915 - Chelabinsk-Troisk-Kustanai (166 km on Kazakh land). In addition over Kazakhstan
land laid 122 km of rail track which was build in 1915-1917 in Altai (Novosibirsk -
Semipalatinsk). Moreover before 1918 functioned 117 km of narrow gauge line Ekibastus -
Ermak. Total amount of rail truck that was constructed till 1918 reached almost 2.6 thousand
kilometers.
The first railway of the Soviet period became the site constructed in 1920-1922
Petropavlovsk-Kokchetav. In connection with necessity of development of deep regions of
Kazakhstan and export of grain, it 1926-1931 is continued through stations Resort Borovoe and
Akmolinsk up to Karaganda, its general length has exceeded 700 km. In 1924 railroad line
Kalunda-povlodar has been build. Development of petrocrafts of Emba from 1926 was moved by
narrow-gauge road Gurev-Dossor.
Epoch-making event became a construction of the Turkestan-Siberian highway proceeded
in 1927-1930 (Turksib) in the extent of 1444 km. It has connected Kazakhstan with Siberia and
promoted activization of economic development of republic, development of many deserted
grounds.
Great value for the industry of the central part of Kazakhstan regions was Akmolinsk-
Karahganda created in 30th, and Karaganda-Balkhash (490 km), for the south - Chimkent-
Lenger. The main role in development of the mining industry of Altai has played the rail line
constructed in 1930 Lokot-Zashita (235 km), then continued up to Leninogorsk and
Zaryanovska.
Per 1936-1939 the key regions which has connected Kazakhstan with the Central Russia,
- Uralsk-Ileck with an exit to Saratov.
During the Second World War has fully proved the strategic importance and the highway
constructed in 1936-1944 Gurev (Aturau) - Kandagach-Orsk, binding petrocrafts of Emba with
Ural and improved the supply between a number of regions in Russia. The high importance of
building Akmolinsk - Kartaly in 1939-1943 was in particular, effective delivery of coal of
Karaganda to Southern Ural had great value. The same years sites Koksu-coal Karaganda -
Southern Ural. In same year was put in line Koksu-Talgykurgan and Atasu-Karazhal. Extent of
the Kazakhstan steel highways has reached 10 thousand km. The period of WW II is noted also
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by establishment on railways of Kazakhstan of industrial base on repair of a rolling stock and
traveling facilities.
Key event of post-war years became construction to 1950 of site Mointy - Shu (440 km).
Thus. the Tran Siberian highway has incorporated with Turkestan-Siberian and the first meridian
line which has been last through all territory of republic - Tran Kazakhstan trunk-railway
Petropavlovsk-Kokchetav-Akmolinsk-Karaganda-Shu was formed. Also in 1953 one of the
important part of the South-Siberian highway - Akmolinsk (Astana)-Pavlodar (546 km) which
beginning of operation, in particular, has created conditions for fast development of coal basin
Ekibastuz and adjoining regions is built. (Only for 1953-1956 the volume of transportations in
Northern Kazakhstan has increased in 4 times).
In connection with development of virgin lands in 1950th there was an intensive
construction of railways in northern and central regions of Kazakhstan. During 1955-1961 line
Esil-Arkalyk (224 km), 1959 - Kustanai-Tobol, 1960 - Tobol-Dzhetygara is build. For 1950th
the density of a railway network of Kazakhstan was increased twice.
In July the 1st, 1958 was formed the biggest in USSR the Kazakhstan rail road. Having
extent over 11 thousand in km, it consisted from 15 branches and united all latitudianal and
meridian highways connections of Kazakhstan with Siberia, Ural, the Volga region, Kyrgyzstan
and Central Asia.
In 1960th additions to sites Makat - Mangyshlak and Mangyshlak-Uzen, (general length
almost 900 km), promoted are laid to development of deserted edge. Revival of communications
of Kazakhstan and Russia during this period was promoted by intensive operation of the
constructed line Gurev-Astrakhan.
In 1964 - for the first time in Kazakhstan - is electrified a site Tselinograd (Astana)-
Karaganda. From this moment starts the work on electrification of railways - mainly in northern
and central areas of republic. In particular, during 1969-1970 all site between Karaganda-
Magnitogorsk (1180 km) is changed on electric draft. About 1980th electrification was
developed on southern highways: Moynty - Shu, Chengeldy - Arys, Arys - Tylkubas. The
general extent of the electrified lines has come nearer to 4 thousand in km.
In April, 1977 on the based on Kazakhstan railway three roads have been formed: Tselina,
Alma-Atinskaya and Northen Kazakhstan.
All these years proceeded construction and reconstruction of tens new stations, were put
into operation new types of diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, travelling technique,
systems of the signal system and communication, about 1980th automatics and information
systems actively took root.
One of the remarkable facts of history of a railway transportation of Kazakhstan: on
February, 20th, 1986, for the first time in the world, on the Tselina railway the rolling stock lead
to 440 cars - by gross weight of 43,4 thousand tons and length 6,5 km.
From the middle of 1950th the big attention was paid to development of a railway
communication with the Chinese National Republic. In 1959 is constructed a site Aktogai -
Druzhba. In 1956-1960 from the Kazakhstan and Chinese party took place the construction of
the highways called effective to connect railway of two countries was conducted. Works have
restarted after achievement of Soviet-Chinese agreements 1988. The joining which has occurred
in September, 1990 of railways has formed the boundary transition which has connected the
Kazakhstan station Druzhba with Chinese station Alashankou. In a year on it movement of cargo
structures has been opened - has started Northern corridor of the Trans-Asiatic trunk-railway.
Accordingly, development of reloading capacities of frontier Kazakhstan station Druzhba has
begun. The further significant events in activity of railways of republic have occurred already
during the state independence of Kazakhstan - since December, 1991
The way which has been passed by railway transportation of Kazakhstan for the ten years'
period of the state independence of republic and time of existence of Advice on a railway
transportation, it is possible to divide into three stages conditionally.
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The first period (1992-1996) - adaptation of branch to consequences of disintegration of
the USSR and essentially new economic conditions.
Essence of the second stage (1997-2001) became becoming and development of first
Kazakhstan railway enterprise RGP " Kazakhstan Temir Zholy", united in itself three
Kazakhstan highways, managed to overcome the crisis phenomena and to put in pawn a basis for
the further reforming branch.
The third period (since 2001 to the present moment) - marks the beginning of reforming
of branch. As a matter of fact, creation of Joint-Stock Company " National company "
Kazakhstan Temir Zholy " was the beginning of realization of new reforms in branch. They,
mainly, are directed on transformation of a railway transportation of the country into the modern,
highly effective organism organically integrated into continental system of transportations and
capable as much as possible to correspond to requirements of clients in conditions of the
developed market competition.
Major landmark in history of the railway of Kazakhstan became 2004 - in it to year of a
steel highway of republic 100 years were executed.
All year has passed under logo of 100 years of the railway. In memory of the great
historical past of a steel highway and confirming to its not passing importance for Kazakhstan, in
it to year the largest projects on construction and modernizations of railways, to development of
social sphere, working conditions and a life of railway men have been completed.
The beginning of anniversary started in February, 2004 when the meeting of group of
veterans of a railway transportation with the Prime minister of the country Danial Ahkmetov
took place. During a meeting the head of the government has been informed on the decision of
the Board of directors of JSC "NC "KTZ" and the deserved veteran workers of the railway, to
consider 2004 as year of century of the railway of Kazakhstan. For a reference point of history of
the railway end of construction of a highway Orenburg-Tashkent extent length of 1668 km was
accepted. From now on the railway branch began to play an appreciable role in economic and
social development of Kazakhstan, has turned to one of factors of stability and safety.
The prime minister has approved carrying out of celebratory actions on the occasion of
the 100 anniversary of railway transportation and on March, 12th, 2004 has signed the
corresponding Order. The idea of celebrating of the 100 anniversary of the railway has met
support and from the President of Kazakhstan. On April, 30th Nursultan Nazarbayev has signed
the Decree about establishment of an anniversary medal in commemoration of celebratory date.
Within anniversary year to a medal have been presented over 4 thousand workers of a railway
transportation.
Year of century of the railway has coincided with carrying out in our country of 19-th
session of Conference of General directors of the Organization of cooperation of railways with
participation of heads of railway administrations of 25 states of the Europe and Asia.
At presence of honored guests «100 years anniversary of the railway of Kazakhstan »,
begun scale actions on celebrating anniversary of a steel highway solemn clearing an anniversary
stamp took place in Kazakhstan.
Year of century of the railway has been noted by outstanding achievements in financial
activity. Acknowledgement to that became increase of a long-term credit rating of the company
JSC "NC "KTZ" the International rating agency "Moodies investment service" from "B+" to
"B++" with the positive forecast. The decision of experts was affected with successes in
reforming area of a railway transportation and constant improvement of industrial and
commercial parameters of activity of railway transportation.
On July, 1st, 2004 from Astana went traveling though the country the anniversary train
«Otan». About two months the train made stops at big and small railway stations and travels of
all regions of our immense country during which passed celebrations on the occasion of the 100
anniversary of the railway. The collective of a train has given special attention to veterans and
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the best workers of a highway who in solemn conditions received anniversary medals and
memorable gifts from the JSC "NC "KTZ".
During a trip the extensive program of the social help to railway men and members of their
families has been realized: all interested persons have passed medical survey in specially
equipped cars, thousand first-graders have received school bags with a full set of educational
accessories; and with small children sets of a children's feed have been handed over to families.
Have everywhere passed mass sports and cultural-entertaining actions.
The trip of an anniversary train has received the most enthusiastic responses from workers
of the railway, and henceforth similar routes will be annually organized.
The culmination of celebrating of century anniversary of the railway became solemn
assembly with participation of the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev which has
passed in capital of republic on August, 6th, 2004.
Experience of railway companies in developed countries shows wide development of
container transport, share of which in total volume of freight is 15-40% and up to 80% in export-
import shipments. Most of major cargo owners use multimodal scheme for the delivery of their
products, which reduce the transport influence on the final products, increasing product safety.
Logistic principles of the production process organization constitute complex solution to the
freight transportation management issues. Hence, to warrant the increase in the amount of
container cargo within logistics, the interplay between rail, road and water transport types were
investigated in an integrated manner.
The most significant problem of modern transport in Kazakhstan is the high cost of
transport services, which indicates its lower competitiveness compared with transport systems of
developed countries. Transport in Kazakhstan constitutes up to 8% for goods carried by rail and
11% for good 122 carried compared with 4 - 4. 8% in the developed states. The transport share
in the final price of goods in the EU is up to 8 - 9% on average. According to the EU projections
this figure will not exceed 5-7% in 2013.
According to the World Bank (WB) estimations, the cost of one container cargo
exportation in Belarus is $ 1. 8 thousands, $ 1. 85- in Russia, and $ 3 thousands - in Kazakhstan.
So, if one container is sent from Kazakhstan, it would cost half times more, than if it was sent it
from Russia or Belarus. The ratios for the time taken for its transportation are the same. In
Kazakhstan they are the longest ones and arrive in 81 day in comparison with the Russian
terms(36 days) and Belarusian - (15 days). According to financial analysts, Kazakhstan's
proportion of container goods' flow between Europe and Asia is still below 1%. In a rating of ВБ
"Doing Business-2012" Belarus is 128-th, Russia – 162-th and Kazakhstan 183-th by
"international trade" indicator [2].
This factor is the main suppressor of transit potential utilization in Kazakhstan. High cost
of transport services (especially air transport) does not make them accessible enough for a
population and subjects of МСБ, i. e. it restrains the development of internal economy of
Kazakhstan and growth of export potential, lowers the competitiveness of Kazakhstan's
commodities on foreign markets.
The experience of developed countries with strong transport networks shows that
innovative materials and technologies musts be used in order to develop of a competitive
transport infrastructure, and mainly its construction. So, the increase in funding the programs of
a transport system development provided by the budget of Kazakhstan will be effective only if
modern technologies of road construction, which will adjust to climatic and geophysical
conditions with the use of innovative materials and modern technologies are used.
Kazakhstan started to use the newest information technologies in development of
transport systems and satellite monitoring systems. Due to its huge territory and harshness of
climate, the government is going to apply this practice not only within the framework of transit
transportations of loads and passengers but also in practice of interregional and regional
transportations. Development of modern multimodal transport technologies allows to optimize
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and bring down transport expenses, promote the efficiency of a transport infrastructure, connect
interregional and industrial manufacturing chains with transportation requirements. This type of
transportations is highly demanded by foreign customers. Thus, the executives of a particular
branch should pay attention on the formation of reliable complex of multimodal transportations
and on training of skilled staff in Kazakhstan. The change in the economic, organizational and
technological 123 patterns of manufacturing process is one of the indicators of perspective
development of a transport complex.
The reformation of Kazakhstan's international trade model is also one of the objectives of
transport development, particularly, shift to international and interregional trade on the basis of
integrated trade connections. Stability and regulated trade allow to optimize the amount of
transport operations and transportations, help to expand continental transport networks, reduce
time for delivery of commodities. Integration unions allow to use operating networks more
effectively and build new ones on the international transport corridors systems basis.
The events of the last two decades of the former Soviet union states independent
development allow to over-estimate a situation around transport routes binding the Central Asian
and Caspian region to the outer world and connecting the separate countries of this region. It is
necessary to notice that the range of problems of new transport routes and international corridors
appeared not only in a spotlight of this region's countries, which were interested in the
development of trade and other socially economic connections of the states, subjects of business
or other contacts of separate managing subjects.
Formation of a transport politics in the region of Central Asia and Caucasus
historically always was influenced by dominant politics and interests of the states. On the stage
of socialistic economy the development of a transport connection between Azerbaijan and
Kazakhstan restrained. The modern stage of development is characterized as aspiration of all
states of the Caspian region and Central Asia to intensify trade and economic connections, that
requires forming of a new transport infrastructure. In addition, the states of this region aim to
take advantage of geographical location from the use of transit status. Kazakhstan will realize the
idea of multivector development of economic and transport connections, that allow to sustain
balance of economic and political interests of the state co-operating with the outer world.
Summarizing the results of general situation analysis of a transport complex development of
Kazakhstan, next basic tendencies should be noted:
1. The transport of Republic of Kazakhstan developed during the last decade intensively
enough for providing necessities of internal economy and within the framework of Kazakhstan's
participation in international connections. Industry executes important economic and social
functions in the economy of republic and regions. The territorial distribution of transport is
uneven.
2. In comparison to the developed states, a transport of Kazakhstan is 124 still
uncompetitive industry. There is a declining tendency of transport's share in GDP and general
investments. Industry does not differ in steady development.
3. Basic suppressors’ in the envelopment of a transport complex are:
- poorly developed transport infrastructure and out-of-date transport park updating of
which takes place slowly;
- lack of skilled staff for the transport and logistics, prepared on the international
standards of education and lack of development of the system of retake and in-plant training
during life;
- insufficient investments in industry on the whole and especially in development of
aviation, motor-car and water transport;
- insufficient application of innovations and foreign experience.
4. In order to provide successful perspective development of transport, increase of
efficiency and quality of transport services, it is necessary to apply the complex approach to
analysis and determination of perspective strategy of industry development, to work out and
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realize the system of events on reformation of economic model, improvement of institutional
structure, optimization of controlling the development of transport by the state.
5. It is also necessary to form the branch departmental, retake and inplant training
teaching during life for the workers of transport and logistics taking into account international
experience.
In railway industry the railway networks are not developed enough, deterioration of main
funds are growing, deficit of passenger rolling stock increases; low level of service and the
absence of competition; insufficient financing on updating and development of railway transport;
operating principles of tariffs and adjusting mechanism eliminate ferryman oriented to the client.
It is necessary maximally effectively to realize transit potential of country and attract
new(private) subjects on development of railway lines that in turn will allow to form a
competition environment in an of transport-communication complex and increase the park of
transport vehicles.
Economic politics assuming during many years the cross subsidizing of passenger
transportations due to freight, and also other industries of economy(mining, building and agro
industrial complex) due to falling of railway tariffs in relation to a price advance, results in
"washing" of assets of industry and worsening of quality of a transport infrastructure of the state.
LITERATURE
1.
Manufacturing
Automation
–
Automation
at
a
crossroads:
http://www.automationmag.com/pages/archives/October2004/coverstory.htm
2. Using Global Resources to Succeed: http://www.automation.com/library/articles-white-
papers/articles-by-jim-pinto/using-global-resources-to-succeed
3. Industrial Automation Inflection Points: http://www.automation.com/library/articles-white-
papers/articles-by-jim-pinto/industrial-automation-inflection-points
4. Stay agile in an accelerating business environment: http://jimpinto.com/writings/stayagile.html
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