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market and their potential place within it. The primary concern here is to ensure that
the career guidance service is properly and systematically delivered, "in this way,
students receive quality services rather than piecemeal or sporadic interventions" [5,
p.25].
Development of career and employability learning in a school setting is an
area teachers can contribute significantly to, although this contribution is not
necessarily has to be as professionalized as of the school career counselor trained
specifically for this job. While a career counselor introduces the world of work to
students, it is a teacher who has pedagogical tools to introduce and develop
employability skills needed to enter the labout market.
Being concerned about unemployment issues and problems that young
population faces in the process of transitioning from education to work, educators
have been actively looking for alternative ways of how to help young learners to get
ready for the world of work. As a result of evaluation of existing practices aimed at
teaching employability skills in a school context the following characteristics have
been identified as the most successful: work-based and work-related learning,
experiential or action learning, student autonomy, reflexive learning, multi-
interventions, and employer involvement [6, p.7].
There are three elements characterizing the idea of work-related learning
taking place at the level of secondary education: students learn about work by getting
familiar with the theoretical content, they learn through work by utilizing work
experiences provided by teachers, they learn for work by mastering skills required for
gaining and keeping a relevant job position [7]. The question that might arouse in
case schools borrow the approach is to determine what kind of meaningful work
experience would be relevant to different age groups of learners. So-called data and
experience damping might lead to learners' resistance to any kind of work activities,
especially if learners experienced failures when being introduced to them for the very
first time.
By introducing experiential and action learning into the school programme it
would become possible to maximize learning potential of students as of future
workforce. Good examples of such activities can be a role-playing, when students try
to speak and act as if they were in a job related setting, or project work, when
students, cooperating in pairs or groups, come up with a plan of actions or solutions
to the assigned problems. Learning by doing is considered to be an effective teaching
approach in case students are aware of the purpose of their actions and the outcome
associated with their participation in the activity. For this reason Saunders et al.
emphasize the need to contextualize the learning process as follows,―good teaching
involves a judicious use of a range of teaching and learning strategies, withfitness for
purpose being a prime consideration‖ [6, p.32].
An in-depth understanding of the value of experience gained by learners
within the framework of employability teaching is possible if any experience is
followed by conscious reflection, targeted at establishing links between what has
been done and how a learner might benefit from it in the future. Reflexive learning
requires students' being critical about performance of others and their own in
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particular, with the focus made on the development of students' ability to draw
conclusions from the lessons learnt.Roebuck noticed that "student engagement in
reflexive practice has the potential to enhance or deepen the learning experience for
the student and foster development of graduate attributes‖ [8, p.80]. Traditional
didactic teaching approaches, when the central role in the classroom is given to a
teacher, as the main source of information, while students are seen as passive
recipients, does not stimulate learners "to filter" their learning experiences. On the
contrary, a student-centred methodology allows learners not only to be actively
involved into the process of learning, but also to influence the process of teaching by
making it clear that the same experience may have different meanings for different
learners.
The rationale behind the current trend to actively involve employers into
theschool operation can be explained by the productive nature of this relationship
which both involved parties could benefit from. An important decision related to the
choice of future professional life is supposed to be done while students are still at
school. A distorted image of the labour market and poor-awareness of how to fit it
leads to the creation of a mismatch between what students expect from their career
life and what the labour-market,in fact,can offer them. A real life contact with
representatives of various professional spheres could allow learners to broaden their
outlook and from the first hands to get information about what opportunities are
available and what skills students have to master in order to comply with the
expectations set for a certain job position. The following types of business
engagement could be adopted by school administrators to assist less painful transition
of students to the world of work: mentorship by employers, inviting guest-speakers,
seeking opportunities for workplace visits and experiences, competitions organized
by employers, establishment of close networks between schools and businesses,
encouraging employers to assist in improving basis skills such as taking job
interviews or CV writing, facilitation of job-shadowing and involvement into the
design of the content and format of the school academic programmes [9].The danger
here is not to let outside influences transform educational processes to an extend
when schools function in the interests of the labour market only while academic
needs and individual interests of learners become of a minor priority.
Even though the needed direction has been already identified, practical
realization of the six core principles is hindered by a range of internal and external
factors. Among them are teachers' confidence in facilitating relevant practices,
limited autonomy of schools in redesigning the school curriculum, availability of
resources (financial, material and human), etc. Yet, the most problematic barrier that
has to be overcome is a misbelief that measures taken to introduce employability
skills to school students are targeted only at providing underperforming learners or
learners from vulnerable social/demographic groups with relative chances to enter the
adult life as they are unlikely to continue their education.
By limiting employability, as a conceptual notion, to technical-vocational
education only, we limit students opportunities to meet high expectations of
employers expressed in relation to personal and interpersonal characteristics of