Ғ. Н.Қисметова Ағылшын тілі грамматикасы

could be quantified. Most contemporary economists hold the approach 
taken by Edge worth and Pareto, in which demand has only ordinal 
characteristics and in which indifference or preferences become central to 
the analysis.
Much economic analysis focuses on the relation between prices and 
quantities demanded, the other variables being provisionally held constant. 
At the various prices that could prevail in a market during some period of 
time, different quantities of a good or service would be bought. Demand, 
then, is considered as a list of prices and quantities, with one quantity for 
each possible price. With price on the vertical axis and quantity on the 
horizontal axis, the demand curve slopes downward from left to right, 
signifying that smaller quantities are bought at higher prices and lager 
quantities are bought lower prices. The inverse relation between price and 
quantity is usually called the law of demand. The law rests on two 
foundations. One is the theory of the consumer, the logic of which show 
that the consumer responds to lower prices by buying more. The other 
foundation is empirical, with innumerable studies of demand in actual 
markets having demonstrated the existence of downward-sloping demand 
curves.
Exceptions to the law of demand are the curiosa of theorists. The best- 
known exception Geffen effect — a consumer buys more, not less. Of a 
commodity at higher prices when a negative income effect dominates over 
the substitution effect.
Another is the Vein effect - some commodities are theoretically wanted 
solely for their higher prices. The higher these prices are, the more the use 
of such commodities fulfills the requirements of conspicuous consumption, 
and thus the stronger the demand for them.

жүктеу 3,76 Mb.

Достарыңызбен бөлісу: