141
Studies showed that for the abovementioned subject domains there is topical the layer of
international terms formed from international term elements, as a rule, Greek-Latin within English
with orientation to its main morphological properties, for example, gluco-, pathy-, tele-, etc.
The emergence of new concepts happens owing to that a person constantly seeks for adequate
reflection of the facts of reality in the consciousness without which it is impossible for a person to
learn the outside and inner world and real orientation in it. A new concept it always a new bit of
information which is the criterion of identification of the surrounding reality object as a carrier of a
certain conceptual system. The conceptual system of a person which includes knowledge of
different type and character is developed, modified in the course of the interaction with the world
around. At this the internal development of the conceptual system is carried out due to continuous
generation of new concepts on the basis of already existing conceptual structures.
The functioning of a new concept is always connected with the solution of any practical task,
with operating by a concrete subject in which activity it is included, setting it orientation,
organizing it. The concept is as if “twisted" in the activity in which it is transformed, becomes the
basis of new actions, is corrected in these actions, again becoming the condition of the subsequent
practical operations. In the process of cognition the concepts are entered and excluded, extended
and delimited, interpolated and updated and extrapolated (transferred from one fields of knowledge
to others), divided and generalized, exposed to other changes. Having obtained language
representation, new concepts become an integral part of the conceptual system, developing, in turn,
the basis for its updating and further development. The continuity of this process causes the need of
its adequate display in the language in the form of new lexical units.
The emergence of new terms is an important stage in comprehension of the objective reality
as it is connected with the top of the cognitive discourse process, with the opening moment in the
cognizable subject or the phenomenon of its intrinsic properties. The formation of a new term in the
course of which there is established the "connection between a subject of thought and a language
sign is a cognitive act revealing secrets of the mechanism of interaction of life and language" [5].
This process, according to the fair approval by L.I. Plotnikova, is not a passive objectivization of
the outside world, but the conscious and purposeful word development giving a system of reference
points in the subject world. At the time of opening in the cognizable phenomenon of its many-sided
intrinsic properties there emerge new words like glucometer, telemedicine, radio surgeon,
epidemiologist-cartographer, high risk group, A.D./D.A (drug addict). Similar neologisms
incorporating the general structural and semantic component enter the broad speech use, first of all
due to modern mass media. A great role for the organization of the terminological field 'AIDS' was
played by the metaphorical language of mass media. For example, the name of the illness, 'AIDS', is
transferred by such metaphorical synonymic expressions as warning - "prevention", divine
punishment - "punishment from above", curse - "damnation", mystery, mysterious illness",
homosexual cancer, gay cancer - "cancer of homosexuals", homosexual syndrome ", that is the
disease is associated with punishment.
Owing to the newspaper vocabulary scientific literature strongly included such synonymous
terms as risk, risk-factor instead of cause - reason, by analogy there emerged such euphemistic
terms, as risk group and individuals inthe risk group,persons practicing high risk behavior, patients
at risk, high risk subjects characterizing people of asocial behavior.
Specification, reconsideration and profound knowledge of fragments of a conceptual picture
of the world which have already been recorded by public consciousness from positions of the
developed by N.F. Alefirenko cognitive semiological paradigms of studying the mechanisms of
relationship of the language and reality is that problem of verbal-and-cogitative activity at which
there is needed coordination of new reality with already available experience. "Verbal cognition is
always directed to cognition of reality by means of linguistic semiosis of new reality" [2], the author
claims. As a result of the cognitive search defining various semantic processes there emerge
semantic neologisms which make considerable part among the general stream of the new
vocabulary in the Russian and English languages of the end of the XX and beginning of the XXI
century. Their importance in objectivization of "spontaneous language life" is not a subject to
142
doubt. High-quality changes of the lexical structure happen due to generation of new words
meanings and transformation of the meanings of units which are already available in the nominative
stock. This process, according to N.F. Alefirenko, is defined by linguistic cognitive activity of a
person: "As the knowledge of the world surrounding us is infinite, the change and improvement of
our knowledge of it connected with detection of new signs and properties of objects of knowledge,
naturally leads to changing meanings and the related semantic process" [6]. The wide semantic
structure of a word serves as a peculiar veil covering the unpleasant essence of a phenomenon. For
example, contact = bacilli carrier, infectious patient, patient.
Cognitive processes are the cornerstone of any semantic changes. Semantic development of
the vocabulary is caused by dynamics of the cognitive space as environments of professional and
intellectual life of a person depicted in a new word since in the course of nominating there open
cognizable bypersons deep meanings of their own life. Historical factors of reconsideration of
known concepts are connected with their adaptation to the new discourse space.
Search for a new concept or updating of an existing one is connected with redrawing the
language picture of the world. The concept sphere as a structured set of concepts early developed is
remade in the course of changing methods of research and emergence of new drugs. All this results
in disharmony between the language concept sphere and its internal structure which seeks for
overcoming the asystem states. The system balance is reached at the expense of the birth of
neologisms or updating the come-back names. So, for example, infectious diseases were till the
XIX century nominated as catching diseases, and surgical diseases were nominated as obsessed
with a wound.
Among the complex of factors predetermining generation of a new word an important place is
allocated for cognitive and pragmatic factors. High rates of formation of new lexical units are
explained by unlimited opportunities of their pragmatic potential. In the a complex of reasons
bringing a new term to life a significant role is played by pragmatic incentives as in the course of
generation of a new term its semantics reflects subjective parameters of the personality developing a
new lexical unit. In neology there is important the accounting of the cognitive and pragmatic aspect
of new words and their meanings since objectively there is a stable relation between pragmatics and
active processes of the nomination.
At this pragmatics is understood as conditions of the use of new terms and their impact on
participants of communication. Inherently pragmatic factors are the driving force defining
generation and functioning of a new word. These factors are connected with the attitudes of
language signs towards a person, the relations between the sign system and those who use it, i.e.
perceives, speaks, interprets. They are related to those content-semantic elements in which adjusting
components prevail: subjective, expressional, etc. For example: "Fear of AIDS", i.e. AIDS-phobia
forces to namea patient with AIDS in conversation the following euphemistic expressions:PWA
(person with AIDS), contactinstead of fixed in medical literature synonymic expressions:AIDS
sufferer, AIDS victim, AIDS patient, person exposed to AIDS, AIDS-infected person, AIDS subject,
AIDS-infected individual, individual with AIDS, AIDS-positive individual, AIDS-infected person,
people living with AIDS. This is the largest group of neologisms distracting attention from the
negative phenomena of reality. As a euphemism there can be presented the term `vitamin' for
various kinds of upper, downer or psychedelic drug.`Vit.A' LSD, acid or ecstasy; `Vit.C' cocaine;
`Vit. E'- ecstasy; `Vit.T' marihuana. Using abbreviations in the limiting function permits to use
terms as the "codes" known only to experts, and for an ignorant they turn into a secret sign. The
sense of a new term limits the circle of contacts.
New words, being relevant markers of the era, serve not only means of nominating new
knowledge, but also express pragmatic relations to the cognizable world. The emergence of
neologisms is initially stimulated with cognitive and speech pragmatics as the emergence of a new
word is anthropocentrically focused, it is intended to serve and express communicative and
pragmatic intentions of communicants.
The pragmatic component of the neologism meaning contains objectivized by a neologism
subjective assessments of a person which it gives to the reviewer, an initial object of the neologic
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |