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their own problems. Moreover the clients will no longer get themselves into any problems in
general. Social education in the context of social pedagogy assumes a focus of an individual
on relationships, on moral profile and social activity. A term “personality and social
development” is also used [3]
In this sense, social pedagogy was dealing from the outset with the problem of social
exclusion and a new kind of social disadvantage caused by modernization. The concept of social
pedagogy developed to refer to educational theories that consider the individualistic approach,
which is restricted only to individual development, as being too narrow and emphasize social issues
in educational theory and practice. From the very beginning, it has been connected both with the
emphasis on the importance of community in human development and the educational process, and
the strivings to help disadvantaged individuals through education [1].
The concept of social pedagogy was first used presumably by the German educator and
school politician Karl Mager in the mid-1840s and in the early 1850s by another German
educationist, Adolph Diesterweg. For Mager, the concept meant a field of research and theory of
education considering social connections of education, thus distinguishing the term from individual
pedagogy focusing only on individual development and state-pedagogy expressing primarily
administrative political interests. For his part, Diesterweg closely combined the concept with social
political interests and working-class ideology in terms of fighting against poverty and social misery,
and for democracy and social equality.
All in all, different emphases in the use of the concept of social pedagogy can be found right
from the start. Already before the turn of the 20thcentury several theoretical systematizations of
social pedagogy were produced in which it was interpreted, for example, as strengthening the
process of socialization, increasing educational democracy, contributing to the welfare of
young people through education, promoting social and cultural progress, making the societal
conditions of education visible, and organizing educational help for people in social and
moral distress.
In Germany both disciplines have many years of tradition even though the origin of every
discipline can be found in different historical period. Whereas social pedagogy and social
pedagogical work can be traced to the middle of nineteen century, the concept of social work is
forming after the Second World War. Further development has, mainly in recent years, strongly
integrative character. The coordination board, lately working in Germany on ensuring
comparability of education programs across the federation, is recommending to replace the
existing dualism (two titles are used Sozialpadagogik/Sozialarbeit) by one title SozialeArbeit
which is more in accordance with the Anglo-American concept of “Social Work.” This concept is
related to the overall status of pedagogy as such in those countries [5].
According to the Huppert and Schinzler, activities of a social nature relate to both fields and
boundaries are drawn artificially. As Wagner declares, social work and social pedagogy have
homogeneous professional paradigm, and the question is, weather it means a unity of both
disciplines or maintaining their own autonomy (including the fact that social pedagogy is viewed
as being more academical discipline than social work). Wagner advises to maintain some autonomy
of both disciplines even at the price of certain dualism. Schilling believes that even though both
fields had common historical roots, in the 20th century they had evolved into relatively independent
fields, and its current trend is towards convergence.
In Switzerland there is a similar view on social pedagogy and social work. “Although
in real life practice the fields of social work and social pedagogy are increasingly overlapping, in
the theoretical studies separate approaches are still applied. In the near future, however, integration
is assumed” [4].
In other western countries social work has usually longer and grater tradition than social
pedagogy. In English speaking countries the socio-pedagogical issues, and theoretical issues
regarding education in general are being dealt with in terms of sociology (or psychology), and
therefore the term social pedagogy is rarely to be seen. Recently is the situation changing and
social pedagogy is beingdiscussed. A proof of this is the book by Camerona and Mosse “Social
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Pedagogy and Workingwith Children and Young People” or the journal “International Journal of
Social Pedagogy,” which is being published since 2012 and aims to support a discussion
about social pedagogy in Englishspeaking countries.
Different situation is in Poland. Here the field of social work started to develop from the
discipline of social pedagogy, which has a longer tradition in Poland. Social pedagogy was seen as
methodological and theoretical base, and therefore, the founder of pedagogy Radlinská viewed the
social work as a branch of social pedagogy, other branches being: educational provident, cultural
educational work, and educational health care. Social work is seen as a practical activity for
helping individuals and families that got into difficult situation in life with the aim of their
full participation in society. It is recently developing as an independent science discipline regardless
the social pedagogy [2].
In Slovakia, the development was similar. It was given mainly by the fact that the field of
social work was forming mostly at pedagogical work places (departments and faculties),
namely in BanskáBystrica, Prešov, Bratislava. Consequently, it also formed the view on the
relationship of both disciplines. Further development of both disciplines lead to convergence.
Social work has gained, nowadays, an independent status as a field of science; it has its own
scientific support and independent workplaces. It justifies a different concept and a significant shift
to the aforementioned Anglo-American model. To this situation that is similar to our situation,
Kratochvílová says: “It is alarming that study plans of social work, at some faculties, are
missing pedagogical disciplines. I believe that this mistrust and neglect of pedagogy is the result
and a relic from the period of excessive criticism after the social changes in 1989, when
pedagogical disciplines were criticized not only for its theories marked by the regime, but also for
the mistakes and failures in a practical implementation of a school policy”[3].
In Lithuania, the social work and social pedagogy began to intensively develop in the 90s.
Currently they are perceived as distinctive and independent disciplines. Social work is developing
on the basis of sociology and social pedagogy is based on education science. Even though the
profession of social worker and social pedagogue are regulated by different resorts, both pursue
similar goals and are often using the same methods and means to achieve them. In Lithuania, social
pedagogue became a part of a school assistance system and is perceived as specialist, who cares
for the solution of children’s social problems at an educational institution – school,
kindergarten, children’s day centre, care institution [1].
In Kazakhstan, the 90s were, as well as in our country, the period of searching. It was a time
when social pedagogy, being a relatively new discipline, was defining itself, and was defining the
relation to the other scientific disciplines not only to pedagogical disciplines including social
work. According to Lipskij, social pedagogy is mainly theoretical discipline whereas social work is
a practical approach in real life. Lipskij notes significant development in both fields in
response to the development of a social sphere of the whole society. He addresses gnoseological
and methodological basis of social pedagogy, he deals with technologies and processes in socio-
pedagogical practice[6].
The work of Nikitin and other is, by its approach, closer to the practical use. It
defines social pedagogy in a broad sense as pedagogical aspects of social development of an
individual, so called “social functioning”, and social activities. The main topic is the educational
assistance in the whole socialization process, and its regulation. Nikitin also focuses on socio-
pedagogical profession, including activities associated with social work in to the field of social
pedagogy, mainly in fields of children’s and youths social-rehabilitation, and a work with people
with personality disorder, socially maladjusted people, including penitential care and “corrective”
re-socialization pedagogy[7].
The social pedagogy which deals with discrepancies between individual autonomy and the
expectations of society is closely connected with the theory of socialization and has sometimes been
conceptualized as educational theory and practice in terms of child welfare, dealing with the tension
between the older and younger generations in modern society. Its questioning is focused on
educational opportunities to promote the processes of human growth in social performance,
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