256
“Biology”
The additional educational program on Biology is for an
intensive study of the
most interesting and sometimes mysterious problems of modern Biology, integration
of knowledge from different subject branches in three languages.
The main purposes of the study of "Biology" subject are: training and education
of the individual who understands the value of life as the highest value and learns
theories, laws, specifics, concepts, scientific and logical methods of knowledge on
Biology in
three languages, who has the ability to apply knowledge about healthy
lifestyle, preservation and protection of ecosystem’s diversity and species effectively.
1) Explanatory note
The proposed program covers a wide range of topics on Biology made up for an
intensive study of this discipline by pupils of the 10 – 11th forms of secondary
school, that is, pupils of AEC (adult education centre). The program is based on the
compulsory education program on Biology but taking into account the modern
achievements and discoveries in biological sciences. The program is intended to
acquaint pupils with the essence of the basic patterns of life, to give a holistic view of
Biology as a science and its connection with other disciplines in an accessible way
and at the same time from the modern point of view. The main idea of the program is
an evolutionary conditioning of structure and functions of living organisms.
During the training pupils should know the basic laws of existence and
development of wildlife, learn to handle biological concepts and terms in three
languages, explore the features of the development and functioning of living systems
at different levels and its organization.
The program is intended for self-controlled training of the 10 - 11th forms pupils
to participate in the International and Republican competitions on
Biology and other
intellectual competitions.
2) Course content
The aims and objectives:
The aim of this program is to train pupils of upper secondary schools to
participate in the Republican competitions on Biology and other intellectual
competitions on the basis of an advanced study of Biology, the development of
ecological culture; the education of a responsible attitude towards the nature; the
formation of natural and scientific outlook based on the knowledge of the laws and
concepts of general biology; the development of logical thinking and skills for
solving biological tasks and to explain them in three languages.
The main objectives of education are: to bring an idea of the unity of all
life on
Earth to pupils in an accessible form; to master the methods of investigation of living
systems, to form pupils’ sense of responsibility for the life and nature as well as the
awareness of the need to protect it; to foster respect towards the nature.
257
Methods and forms of education
Teaching will be online in the form of self-controlled development of modules
and appropriate themes presented in this program by pupils. Control of knowledge
and learned material by pupils will be held in the form of doing tests.
MODULE I. CYTOLOGY (17 hours)
1.1 Theory of cells, its fundamental principles.
Cell is the structural and functional unit of living things. The general structure of
cells: shape of cell, size and volume of cells, types of cells (prokaryotes and
eukaryotes). The structural features of plant and animal cells. Methods of studying
the structure and functions of the cell.
1.2 Physical and chemical properties of cells.
Inorganic components of cell: water and minerals in cell's activity. Organic
components of cell. Proteins: structure, classification, properties of proteins, its role
in the cell. Lipids: structure, classification, function of lipids, its role in the cell.
Carbohydrates: classification, properties of carbohydrates, biological meaning.
Nucleic acids: structure, the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) model by Watson and
Crick, the principle of complementarity, the RNA (ribonucleic acid) types, properties
of nucleic acids in the cell. Energy accumulators in cell’s activity, structure and
functions of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as an example. Types of biological
accumulators: ATP, GTP, NADP, NADH, FAD.
1.3 Structural components of cells and its functions.
Cells’ periblastic apparatus: plasmalemma (mosaic model of cell membrane),
submembrane cell system, overmembrane structure. The main functions of periblastic
apparatus: separating, transport (transmembrane transport, transport in membrane
packaging – exocytosis and endocytosis), electric (transmembrane potential),
receptor, secretory, connecting (in tissues and organs). The cytoplasmic matrix, its
structure and basic properties. Membrane cell organelles: endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria. The structure and functions in the cell.
Non-membrane cell organelles: ribosomes, cytoskeleton, cell center, cilia and
flagella. The structure and functions in the cell. Inclusions, classification. Nuclear
apparatus: nuclear membrane, nuclear matrix, nucleoli. Concept of chromatin. The
structural organization of chromatin, levels of DNA compaction. Structural
peculiarities of the plant cell. Plastids, its types, structure, functions in the cell.
1.4 Cell is the unit of organisms’ activity. Metabolism.
Autotrophic nutrition. Photosynthesis as an example of constructive metabolism
of substances. Light and dark phase of photosynthesis, photolysis
of water, Calvin
cycle. Chemosynthesis. Types of chemosynthesis. Heterotrophic nutrition. Energy
metabolism in the cell. The preparatory phase of energy metabolism. Glycolysis as an
example of oxygen-free phase. ATP synthesis. Alcohol, lactic, propionate
fermentation. Oxygen stage of energy metabolism. Analysis of Krebs’ cycle.
Oxidative phosphorylation, chain of electron transport.
1.5 Reactions of matrix synthesis.
