Reference frame – a reference body, a coordinate system rigidly connected to it, and a device for measuring the time of movement.
Resistor – an industrial product whose main purpose is to provide active resistance to electric current.
Sorption – the absorption by a solid or liquid of some substance from the environment.
Spectral analysis – a physical method of qualitative and quantitative analysis of the chemical composition of a substance.
Spectral lines - narrow sections in the optical spectra corresponding to almost one frequency (wavelength).
Spectrograph – an optical device for obtaining and simultaneously registering the radiation spectrum.
Spin – the intrinsic angular momentum of an elementary particle or a system formed from these particles.
Stationary state – a state of the system in which the values of the quantities essential for its description do not change with time.
Thermionic emission is the emission of electrons by heated solids (emitters).
Volt – the derived SI unit of electric potential.
Waves – one of a sequence of ridges or undulations that moves across the surface of a body of a liquid,.
X-rays – electromagnetic radiation emitted when matter is bombarded with fast electrons.
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ALBERT EINSTEIN
Albert Einstein is perhaps the most famous scientist of the 20th century. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921, and his theories of special and general relativity are of great importance for many branches of physics and astronomy. He is well known for his theories about light, matter, gravity, space and time. His most famous idea is that energy and mass are different forms of the same thing.
Einstein was born in Württemberg, Germany on March 14, 1879. His family was Jewish, but in his youth he was not very religious, although in later life he became very interested in Judaism.
It is well documented that Einstein did not begin to speak until the age of three. In fact, he had such a hard time talking that his family was worried he would never speak. When Einstein was four years old, his father gave him a magnetic compass. It was this compass that inspired him to explore the world of science. He wanted to understand why the needle always pointed north wherever he turned the compass. It seemed that the needle moved itself. But the needle was inside a closed case, so no other force (such as the wind) could moving it. So Einstein became interested in science and mathematics.
In fact, he was so smart that at the age of 12 he taught himself Euclidean geometry. At fifteen, he wanted to go to school in Munich, which he found very boring. He finished high school in Aarau, Switzerland and entered the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, graduating in 1900. But Einstein did not like teaching there either. He often skipped classes and used the time to study physics or play the violin on his own. However, he was able to pass his exams by studying his classmate's notes. His teachers did not think well of him and refused to recommend him for a job at the university. So, he got a job at a patent office in Switzerland. While working there, he wrote articles that first made him famous as a great scientist.
Einstein had two severely disabled children with his first wife, Mileva. His daughter (whose name we do not know) was born about a year before their marriage in January 1902. She was cared for by her Serbian grandparents until she died at the age of two. It is generally believed that she died of scarlet fever, but there are those who believe that she may have suffered from a disorder known as Down syndrome. But there isn't enough evidence to know for sure. In fact, no one even knew it existed until Einstein's granddaughter found 54 love letters that Einstein and Mileva wrote to each other between 1897 and 1903. She found these letters in a shoebox in their California loft. The son of Einstein and Mileva Eduard was diagnosed with schizophrenia. He spent decades in hospitals and died in Zurich in 1965. Shortly before the outbreak of World War I, Einstein returned to Germany and became headmaster there. But in 1933, after death threats from the Nazis, he moved to the United States, where he died on April 18, 1955.
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