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permitted larger ships to use them and to make loading and unloading more 
quickly.
7. Improvements introduced in the 20th century included the 
smoother and more efficient type of engines cal led steam turbines and the 
use of oil fuel instead of coal. Between 1910 and 1920 the diesel engine 
began to be introduced in ships. These diesel-engined ships are called 
motor ships.The largest ships, however, are s till generally driven by 
steam turbines. In the late 1950s a few ships were being built which were 
equipped with nuclear reactors for producing steam.
8. In 1957 the world’s first atomic ice-breaker was launched in 
Leningrad.
This atomk ice-breaker is equipped with an atomic engine owing to which 
her operating on negligible quantities of nuclear fuel is possible. In spite of 
the capacity of her en' gine being 44,000h.p. it wil 1 need only a few grams 
of atomic fuel a week. .
The atomic ice-breaker has three nuclear reactors. The operation of the 
nuclear reactor is accompanied by powerful radiation. Therefore, the ice­
breaker is equipped with reliable means of protection. The ice-breaker is 
designed for operation in Arctic waters.
9. Canal Transport.- Sea-going ships can use some rivers, such as the 
Thames in England, the Rhine, and the Volga in Europe and the 
Mississippi in the United States. Generally, however, a riv e r has to be 
"canalized" before ships can use it. This means widening and deepening 
the channel and proteeting its banks so that they do not wash away and 
bloek the river with mud.
10. We find the British canals to be quite narrow and shal low.
The canals in Europe are much larger than those in Great Britain. Franee 
has a big network of canals, centred on Par is, and linking ports of the 
Atlantic, Mediterranean and English Channel coasts with each other and 
with other countries.
In the USSR canals large enough to be used by ships link Moscow with 
Leningrad on the Baaltic Sea. Other Soviet canals run between the White 
Sea and the Baltik, and Between the Don and the Volga rivers.

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